[gentoo-commits] proj/portage:master commit in: lib/portage/, lib/_emerge/

[Sam James]

commit:     7c8875c38b187fbd2e0fa5fc39bbb38c1588d0fb
Author:     Kenneth Raplee <kenrap <AT> kennethraplee <DOT> com>
AuthorDate: Tue Mar 22 07:01:05 2022 +0000
Commit:     Sam James <sam <AT> gentoo <DOT> org>
CommitDate: Sun Mar 27 23:06:35 2022 +0000
URL:        https://gitweb.gentoo.org/proj/portage.git/commit/?id=7c8875c3

Begin modernizing the string usage

These files are updated to use the newer f-string feature (String
Interpolation) that has been added since Python 3.6.

The benefits to using String Interpolation are:
* Avoids incurring bugs from using Old Style formatting.
* Makes it easier to understand how the string is being formatted.
* Using embedded expressions into strings removes the need for string
concatenation and will execute much faster for the same effect.

Also, a few global string constants with Old Style formatting had their
literals inlined to their respective function arguments while
transitioning them be f-strings. When Python searches for variables, it
looks them up in the local namespace first, which is the namespace
specific a function or class method. If not found, then it searches in
the global namespace. Removing the need for global strings will also
improve performance a bit along the way.

The Portage codebase as a whole still needs this kind of work.

Signed-off-by: Kenneth Raplee <kenrap <AT> kennethraplee.com>
Signed-off-by: Sam James <sam <AT> gentoo.org>

 lib/_emerge/main.py            |  38 +++++------
 lib/portage/__init__.py        |  35 +++++-----
 lib/portage/_global_updates.py |   4 +-
 lib/portage/checksum.py        |  15 ++--
 lib/portage/const.py           |  42 ++++++------
 lib/portage/data.py            |   2 +-
 lib/portage/dispatch_conf.py   |  81 ++++++++++------------
 lib/portage/eclass_cache.py    |   4 +-
 lib/portage/exception.py       |   6 +-
 lib/portage/getbinpkg.py       |  89 +++++++++++-------------
 lib/portage/glsa.py            | 151 +++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 lib/portage/gpg.py             |   4 +-
 lib/portage/gpkg.py            |  18 +++--
 lib/portage/localization.py    |   8 +--
 lib/portage/mail.py            |  12 ++--
 15 files changed, 230 insertions(+), 279 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/_emerge/main.py b/lib/_emerge/main.py
index 8928f268d..f3ff02404 100644
--- a/lib/_emerge/main.py
+++ b/lib/_emerge/main.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ shortmapping = {
 
 COWSAY_MOO = r"""
 
-  Larry loves Gentoo (%s)
+  Larry loves Gentoo ({})
 
  _______________________
 < Have you mooed today? >
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ COWSAY_MOO = r"""
 
 def multiple_actions(action1, action2):
     sys.stderr.write("\n!!! Multiple actions requested... Please choose one only.\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("!!! '%s' or '%s'\n\n" % (action1, action2))
+    sys.stderr.write(f"!!! '{action1}' or '{action2}'\n\n")
     sys.exit(1)
 
 
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ def parse_opts(tmpcmdline, silent=False):
 
     for action_opt in actions:
         parser.add_argument(
-            "--" + action_opt,
+            f"--{action_opt}",
             action="store_true",
             dest=action_opt.replace("-", "_"),
             default=False,
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ def parse_opts(tmpcmdline, silent=False):
         )
     for shortopt, longopt in shortmapping.items():
         parser.add_argument(
-            "-" + shortopt,
+            f"-{shortopt}",
             action="store_true",
             dest=longopt.lstrip("--").replace("-", "_"),
             default=False,
@@ -832,9 +832,9 @@ def parse_opts(tmpcmdline, silent=False):
     if myoptions.buildpkg_exclude:
         bad_atoms = _find_bad_atoms(myoptions.buildpkg_exclude, less_strict=True)
         if bad_atoms and not silent:
+            invalid_atoms = ",".join(bad_atoms)
             parser.error(
-                "Invalid Atom(s) in --buildpkg-exclude parameter: '%s'\n"
-                % (",".join(bad_atoms),)
+                f"Invalid Atom(s) in --buildpkg-exclude parameter: '{invalid_atoms}'\n"
             )
 
     if myoptions.changed_deps is not None:
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ def parse_opts(tmpcmdline, silent=False):
             backtrack = None
             if not silent:
                 parser.error(
-                    "Invalid --backtrack parameter: '%s'\n" % (myoptions.backtrack,)
+                    f"Invalid --backtrack parameter: '{myoptions.backtrack}'\n"
                 )
 
         myoptions.backtrack = backtrack
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ def parse_opts(tmpcmdline, silent=False):
         if deep is not True and deep < 0:
             deep = None
             if not silent:
-                parser.error("Invalid --deep parameter: '%s'\n" % (myoptions.deep,))
+                parser.error(f"Invalid --deep parameter: '{myoptions.deep}'\n")
 
         myoptions.deep = deep
 
@@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@ def parse_opts(tmpcmdline, silent=False):
         if jobs is not True and jobs < 1:
             jobs = None
             if not silent:
-                parser.error("Invalid --jobs parameter: '%s'\n" % (myoptions.jobs,))
+                parser.error(f"Invalid --jobs parameter: '{myoptions.jobs}'\n")
 
         myoptions.jobs = jobs
 
@@ -1066,8 +1066,7 @@ def parse_opts(tmpcmdline, silent=False):
             load_average = None
             if not silent:
                 parser.error(
-                    "Invalid --load-average parameter: '%s'\n"
-                    % (myoptions.load_average,)
+                    f"Invalid --load-average parameter: '{myoptions.load_average}'\n"
                 )
 
         myoptions.load_average = load_average
@@ -1082,8 +1081,7 @@ def parse_opts(tmpcmdline, silent=False):
             rebuilt_binaries_timestamp = 0
             if not silent:
                 parser.error(
-                    "Invalid --rebuilt-binaries-timestamp parameter: '%s'\n"
-                    % (myoptions.rebuilt_binaries_timestamp,)
+                    f"Invalid --rebuilt-binaries-timestamp parameter: '{myoptions.rebuilt_binaries_timestamp}'\n"
                 )
 
         myoptions.rebuilt_binaries_timestamp = rebuilt_binaries_timestamp
@@ -1093,14 +1091,12 @@ def parse_opts(tmpcmdline, silent=False):
             search_similarity = float(myoptions.search_similarity)
         except ValueError:
             parser.error(
-                "Invalid --search-similarity parameter "
-                "(not a number): '{}'\n".format(myoptions.search_similarity)
+                f"Invalid --search-similarity parameter (not a number): '{myoptions.search_similarity}'\n"
             )
 
         if search_similarity < 0 or search_similarity > 100:
             parser.error(
-                "Invalid --search-similarity parameter "
-                "(not between 0 and 100): '{}'\n".format(myoptions.search_similarity)
+                f"Invalid --search-similarity parameter (not between 0 and 100): '{myoptions.search_similarity}'\n"
             )
 
         myoptions.search_similarity = search_similarity
@@ -1181,7 +1177,7 @@ def profile_check(trees, myaction):
             "--help, --info, --search, --sync, and --version."
         )
         writemsg_level(
-            "".join("!!! %s\n" % l for l in textwrap.wrap(msg, 70)),
+            "".join(f"!!! {l}\n" for l in textwrap.wrap(msg, 70)),
             level=logging.ERROR,
             noiselevel=-1,
         )
@@ -1203,7 +1199,7 @@ def emerge_main(args=None):
     try:
         locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "")
     except locale.Error as e:
-        writemsg_level("setlocale: %s\n" % e, level=logging.WARN)
+        writemsg_level(f"setlocale: {e}\n", level=logging.WARN)
 
     # Disable color until we're sure that it should be enabled (after
     # EMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS has been parsed).
@@ -1234,7 +1230,7 @@ def emerge_main(args=None):
         emerge_help()
         return os.EX_OK
     if myaction == "moo":
-        print(COWSAY_MOO % platform.system())
+        print(COWSAY_MOO.format(platform.system()))
         return os.EX_OK
     if myaction == "sync":
         # need to set this to True now in order for the repository config
@@ -1311,7 +1307,7 @@ def emerge_main(args=None):
     try:
         locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "")
     except locale.Error as e:
-        writemsg_level("setlocale: %s\n" % e, level=logging.WARN)
+        writemsg_level(f"setlocale: {e}\n", level=logging.WARN)
 
     tmpcmdline = []
     if "--ignore-default-opts" not in myopts:

diff --git a/lib/portage/__init__.py b/lib/portage/__init__.py
index 3042de1aa..82e47d0ff 100644
--- a/lib/portage/__init__.py
+++ b/lib/portage/__init__.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ except ImportError as e:
     sys.stderr.write(
         "!!! gone wrong. Here is the information we got for this exception:\n"
     )
-    sys.stderr.write("    " + str(e) + "\n\n")
+    sys.stderr.write(f"    {e}\n\n")
     raise
 
 try:
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ try:
         + "doebuild_environment,spawn,spawnebuild",
         "portage.package.ebuild.config:autouse,best_from_dict,"
         + "check_config_instance,config",
-        "portage.package.ebuild.deprecated_profile_check:" + "deprecated_profile_check",
+        "portage.package.ebuild.deprecated_profile_check:deprecated_profile_check",
         "portage.package.ebuild.digestcheck:digestcheck",
         "portage.package.ebuild.digestgen:digestgen",
         "portage.package.ebuild.fetch:fetch",
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ except ImportError as e:
         "!!! There is a README.RESCUE file that details the steps required to perform\n"
     )
     sys.stderr.write("!!! a recovery of portage.\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("    " + str(e) + "\n\n")
+    sys.stderr.write(f"    {e}\n\n")
     raise
 
 
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ try:
     _selinux_merge = _unicode_module_wrapper(_selinux, encoding=_encodings["merge"])
 except (ImportError, OSError) as e:
     if isinstance(e, OSError):
-        sys.stderr.write("!!! SELinux not loaded: %s\n" % str(e))
+        sys.stderr.write(f"!!! SELinux not loaded: {e}\n")
     del e
     _selinux = None
     selinux = None
@@ -482,10 +482,10 @@ def _shell_quote(s):
     """
     if _shell_quote_re.search(s) is None:
         return s
-    for letter in '\\"$`':
+    for letter in r"\"$`":
         if letter in s:
-            s = s.replace(letter, "\\" + letter)
-    return '"%s"' % s
+            s = s.replace(letter, rf"\{letter}")
+    return f'"{s}"'
 
 
 bsd_chflags = None
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ def abssymlink(symlink, target=None):
         mylink = os.readlink(symlink)
     if mylink[0] != "/":
         mydir = os.path.dirname(symlink)
-        mylink = mydir + "/" + mylink
+        mylink = f"{mydir}/{mylink}"
     return os.path.normpath(mylink)
 
 
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ def _parse_eapi_ebuild_head(f):
 def _movefile(src, dest, **kwargs):
     """Calls movefile and raises a PortageException if an error occurs."""
     if movefile(src, dest, **kwargs) is None:
-        raise portage.exception.PortageException("mv '%s' '%s'" % (src, dest))
+        raise portage.exception.PortageException(f"mv '{src}' '{dest}'")
 
 
 auxdbkeys = (
@@ -726,12 +726,11 @@ if VERSION == "HEAD":
                     BASH_BINARY,
                     "-c",
                     (
-                        "cd %s ; git describe --match 'portage-*' || exit $? ; "
-                        + 'if [ -n "`git diff-index --name-only --diff-filter=M HEAD`" ] ; '
-                        + "then echo modified ; git rev-list --format=%%ct -n 1 HEAD ; fi ; "
-                        + "exit 0"
-                    )
-                    % _shell_quote(PORTAGE_BASE_PATH),
+                        f"cd {_shell_quote(PORTAGE_BASE_PATH)} ; git describe --match 'portage-*' || exit $? ; "
+                        'if [ -n "`git diff-index --name-only --diff-filter=M HEAD`" ] ; '
+                        "then echo modified ; git rev-list --format=%%ct -n 1 HEAD ; fi ; "
+                        "exit 0"
+                    ),
                 ]
                 cmd = [
                     _unicode_encode(x, encoding=encoding, errors="strict") for x in cmd
@@ -750,7 +749,7 @@ if VERSION == "HEAD":
                             patchlevel = False
                             if len(version_split) > 2:
                                 patchlevel = True
-                                VERSION = "%s_p%s" % (VERSION, version_split[2])
+                                VERSION = f"{VERSION}_p{version_split[2]}"
                             if len(output_lines) > 1 and output_lines[1] == "modified":
                                 head_timestamp = None
                                 if len(output_lines) > 3:
@@ -765,8 +764,8 @@ if VERSION == "HEAD":
                                 ):
                                     timestamp = timestamp - head_timestamp
                                 if not patchlevel:
-                                    VERSION = "%s_p0" % (VERSION,)
-                                VERSION = "%s_p%d" % (VERSION, timestamp)
+                                    VERSION = f"{VERSION}_p0"
+                                VERSION = f"{VERSION}_p{timestamp}"
                             return VERSION
             VERSION = "HEAD"
             return VERSION

diff --git a/lib/portage/_global_updates.py b/lib/portage/_global_updates.py
index 80728fb43..a17ee861d 100644
--- a/lib/portage/_global_updates.py
+++ b/lib/portage/_global_updates.py
@@ -118,14 +118,14 @@ def _do_global_updates(trees, prev_mtimes, quiet=False, if_mtime_changed=True):
                 myupd.extend(valid_updates)
                 if not quiet:
                     writemsg_stdout(bold(mykey))
-                    writemsg_stdout(len(valid_updates) * "." + "\n")
+                    writemsg_stdout(f"{len(valid_updates) * '.'}\n")
                 if len(errors) == 0:
                     # Update our internal mtime since we
                     # processed all of our directives.
                     timestamps[mykey] = mystat[stat.ST_MTIME]
                 else:
                     for msg in errors:
-                        writemsg("%s\n" % msg, noiselevel=-1)
+                        writemsg(f"{msg}\n", noiselevel=-1)
             if myupd:
                 retupd = True
 

diff --git a/lib/portage/checksum.py b/lib/portage/checksum.py
index c19a50df9..3b5a10d24 100644
--- a/lib/portage/checksum.py
+++ b/lib/portage/checksum.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def _open_file(filename):
             _unicode_encode(filename, encoding=_encodings["fs"], errors="strict"), "rb"
         )
     except IOError as e:
-        func_call = "open('%s')" % _unicode_decode(filename)
+        func_call = f"open('{_unicode_decode(filename)}')"
         if e.errno == errno.EPERM:
             raise portage.exception.OperationNotPermitted(func_call)
         elif e.errno == errno.EACCES:
@@ -525,12 +525,11 @@ def verify_all(filename, mydict, calc_prelink=0, strict=0):
             if mydict[x] != myhash:
                 if strict:
                     raise portage.exception.DigestException(
-                        ("Failed to verify '$(file)s' on " + "checksum type '%(type)s'")
-                        % {"file": filename, "type": x}
+                        f"Failed to verify '{filename}' on checksum type '{x}'"
                     )
                 else:
                     file_is_ok = False
-                    reason = (("Failed on %s verification" % x), myhash, mydict[x])
+                    reason = (f"Failed on {x} verification", myhash, mydict[x])
                     break
 
     return file_is_ok, reason
@@ -578,8 +577,7 @@ def perform_checksum(filename, hashname="MD5", calc_prelink=0):
         try:
             if hashname not in hashfunc_keys:
                 raise portage.exception.DigestException(
-                    hashname
-                    + " hash function not available (needs dev-python/pycrypto)"
+                    f"{hashname} hash function not available (needs dev-python/pycrypto)"
                 )
             myhash, mysize = hashfunc_map[hashname].checksum_file(myfilename)
         except (OSError, IOError) as e:
@@ -618,8 +616,7 @@ def perform_multiple_checksums(filename, hashes=["MD5"], calc_prelink=0):
     for x in hashes:
         if x not in hashfunc_keys:
             raise portage.exception.DigestException(
-                x
-                + " hash function not available (needs dev-python/pycrypto or >=dev-lang/python-2.5)"
+                f"{x} hash function not available (needs dev-python/pycrypto)"
             )
         rVal[x] = perform_checksum(filename, x, calc_prelink)[0]
     return rVal
@@ -638,6 +635,6 @@ def checksum_str(data, hashname="MD5"):
     """
     if hashname not in hashfunc_keys:
         raise portage.exception.DigestException(
-            hashname + " hash function not available (needs dev-python/pycrypto)"
+            f"{hashname} hash function not available (needs dev-python/pycrypto)"
         )
     return hashfunc_map[hashname].checksum_str(data)

diff --git a/lib/portage/const.py b/lib/portage/const.py
index 9e6f9311d..98eb7e4f2 100644
--- a/lib/portage/const.py
+++ b/lib/portage/const.py
@@ -29,32 +29,32 @@ import sys
 
 # variables used with config_root (these need to be relative)
 USER_CONFIG_PATH = "etc/portage"
-BINREPOS_CONF_FILE = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/binrepos.conf"
-MAKE_CONF_FILE = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/make.conf"
-MODULES_FILE_PATH = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/modules"
-CUSTOM_PROFILE_PATH = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/profile"
-USER_VIRTUALS_FILE = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/virtuals"
-EBUILD_SH_ENV_FILE = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/bashrc"
-EBUILD_SH_ENV_DIR = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/env"
-CUSTOM_MIRRORS_FILE = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/mirrors"
-COLOR_MAP_FILE = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/color.map"
-PROFILE_PATH = USER_CONFIG_PATH + "/make.profile"
-MAKE_DEFAULTS_FILE = PROFILE_PATH + "/make.defaults"  # FIXME: not used
-DEPRECATED_PROFILE_FILE = PROFILE_PATH + "/deprecated"
+BINREPOS_CONF_FILE = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/binrepos.conf"
+MAKE_CONF_FILE = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/make.conf"
+MODULES_FILE_PATH = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/modules"
+CUSTOM_PROFILE_PATH = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/profile"
+USER_VIRTUALS_FILE = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/virtuals"
+EBUILD_SH_ENV_FILE = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/bashrc"
+EBUILD_SH_ENV_DIR = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/env"
+CUSTOM_MIRRORS_FILE = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/mirrors"
+COLOR_MAP_FILE = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/color.map"
+PROFILE_PATH = f"{USER_CONFIG_PATH}/make.profile"
+MAKE_DEFAULTS_FILE = f"{PROFILE_PATH}/make.defaults"  # FIXME: not used
+DEPRECATED_PROFILE_FILE = f"{PROFILE_PATH}/deprecated"
 
 # variables used with targetroot (these need to be absolute, but not
 # have a leading '/' since they are used directly with os.path.join on EROOT)
 VDB_PATH = "var/db/pkg"
 CACHE_PATH = "var/cache/edb"
 PRIVATE_PATH = "var/lib/portage"
-WORLD_FILE = PRIVATE_PATH + "/world"
-WORLD_SETS_FILE = PRIVATE_PATH + "/world_sets"
-CONFIG_MEMORY_FILE = PRIVATE_PATH + "/config"
+WORLD_FILE = f"{PRIVATE_PATH}/world"
+WORLD_SETS_FILE = f"{PRIVATE_PATH}/world_sets"
+CONFIG_MEMORY_FILE = f"{PRIVATE_PATH}/config"
 NEWS_LIB_PATH = "var/lib/gentoo"
 
 # these variables get EPREFIX prepended automagically when they are
 # translated into their lowercase variants
-DEPCACHE_PATH = "/var/cache/edb/dep"
+DEPCACHE_PATH = f"/{CACHE_PATH}/dep"
 GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH = "/usr/share/portage/config"
 
 # these variables are not used with target_root or config_root
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH = "/usr/share/portage/config"
 # fmt:off
 PORTAGE_BASE_PATH = os.path.join(os.sep, os.sep.join(os.path.realpath(__file__.rstrip("co")).split(os.sep)[:-3]))
 # fmt:on
-PORTAGE_BIN_PATH = PORTAGE_BASE_PATH + "/bin"
+PORTAGE_BIN_PATH = f"{PORTAGE_BASE_PATH}/bin"
 PORTAGE_PYM_PATH = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(__file__, "../.."))
-LOCALE_DATA_PATH = PORTAGE_BASE_PATH + "/locale"  # FIXME: not used
-EBUILD_SH_BINARY = PORTAGE_BIN_PATH + "/ebuild.sh"
-MISC_SH_BINARY = PORTAGE_BIN_PATH + "/misc-functions.sh"
+LOCALE_DATA_PATH = f"{PORTAGE_BASE_PATH}/locale"  # FIXME: not used
+EBUILD_SH_BINARY = f"{PORTAGE_BIN_PATH}/ebuild.sh"
+MISC_SH_BINARY = f"{PORTAGE_BIN_PATH}/misc-functions.sh"
 SANDBOX_BINARY = "/usr/bin/sandbox"
 FAKEROOT_BINARY = "/usr/bin/fakeroot"
 BASH_BINARY = "/bin/bash"
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ PRELINK_BINARY = "/usr/sbin/prelink"
 INVALID_ENV_FILE = "/etc/spork/is/not/valid/profile.env"
 MERGING_IDENTIFIER = "-MERGING-"
 REPO_NAME_FILE = "repo_name"
-REPO_NAME_LOC = "profiles" + "/" + REPO_NAME_FILE
+REPO_NAME_LOC = f"profiles/{REPO_NAME_FILE}"
 
 PORTAGE_PACKAGE_ATOM = "sys-apps/portage"
 LIBC_PACKAGE_ATOM = "virtual/libc"

diff --git a/lib/portage/data.py b/lib/portage/data.py
index 09a4dd079..e1457c566 100644
--- a/lib/portage/data.py
+++ b/lib/portage/data.py
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def _target_root():
         # Handle either empty or unset ROOT.
         root = os.sep
     root = portage.util.normalize_path(root)
-    return root.rstrip(os.sep) + os.sep
+    return f"{root.rstrip(os.sep)}{os.sep}"
 
 
 def portage_group_warning():

diff --git a/lib/portage/dispatch_conf.py b/lib/portage/dispatch_conf.py
index fa9780937..6c6036c4e 100644
--- a/lib/portage/dispatch_conf.py
+++ b/lib/portage/dispatch_conf.py
@@ -25,9 +25,6 @@ RCS_BRANCH = "1.1.1"
 RCS_LOCK = "rcs -ko -M -l"
 RCS_PUT = 'ci -t-"Archived config file." -m"dispatch-conf update."'
 RCS_GET = "co"
-RCS_MERGE = "rcsmerge -p -r" + RCS_BRANCH + " '%s' > '%s'"
-
-DIFF3_MERGE = "diff3 -mE '%s' '%s' '%s' > '%s'"
 _ARCHIVE_ROTATE_MAX = 9
 
 
@@ -75,18 +72,18 @@ def diff_mixed(func, file1, file2):
 
                 if tempdir is None:
                     tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-                diff_files[i] = os.path.join(tempdir, "%d" % i)
+                diff_files[i] = os.path.join(tempdir, f"{i}")
                 if st is None:
                     content = "/dev/null\n"
                 elif stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode):
                     link_dest = os.readlink(files[i])
-                    content = "SYM: %s -> %s\n" % (file1, link_dest)
+                    content = f"SYM: {file1} -> {link_dest}\n"
                 elif stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode):
-                    content = "DIR: %s\n" % (file1,)
+                    content = f"DIR: {file1}\n"
                 elif stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
-                    content = "FIF: %s\n" % (file1,)
+                    content = f"FIF: {file1}\n"
                 else:
-                    content = "DEV: %s\n" % (file1,)
+                    content = f"DEV: {file1}\n"
                 with io.open(
                     diff_files[i], mode="w", encoding=_encodings["stdio"]
                 ) as f:
@@ -124,10 +121,7 @@ def read_config(mandatory_opts):
     loader = KeyValuePairFileLoader(config_path, None)
     opts, _errors = loader.load()
     if not opts:
-        print(
-            _("dispatch-conf: Error reading {}; fatal").format(config_path),
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
+        print(_(f"dispatch-conf: Error reading {config_path}; fatal"), file=sys.stderr)
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # Handle quote removal here, since KeyValuePairFileLoader doesn't do that.
@@ -143,9 +137,8 @@ def read_config(mandatory_opts):
             else:
                 print(
                     _(
-                        'dispatch-conf: Missing option "%s" in /etc/dispatch-conf.conf; fatal'
-                    )
-                    % (key,),
+                        f'dispatch-conf: Missing option "{key}" in /etc/dispatch-conf.conf; fatal'
+                    ),
                     file=sys.stderr,
                 )
 
@@ -160,8 +153,9 @@ def read_config(mandatory_opts):
         os.chmod(opts["archive-dir"], 0o700)
     elif not os.path.isdir(opts["archive-dir"]):
         print(
-            _("dispatch-conf: Config archive dir [%s] must exist; fatal")
-            % (opts["archive-dir"],),
+            _(
+                rf"""dispatch-conf: Config archive dir [{opts["archive-dir"]}] must exist; fatal"""
+            ),
             file=sys.stderr,
         )
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -195,11 +189,7 @@ def _archive_copy(src_st, src_path, dest_path):
             shutil.copy2(src_path, dest_path)
     except EnvironmentError as e:
         portage.util.writemsg(
-            _(
-                "dispatch-conf: Error copying %(src_path)s to "
-                "%(dest_path)s: %(reason)s\n"
-            )
-            % {"src_path": src_path, "dest_path": dest_path, "reason": e},
+            f"dispatch-conf: Error copying {src_path} to {dest_path}: {e}\n",
             noiselevel=-1,
         )
 
@@ -226,9 +216,9 @@ def rcs_archive(archive, curconf, newconf, mrgconf):
     ):
         _archive_copy(curconf_st, curconf, archive)
 
-    if os.path.lexists(archive + ",v"):
-        os.system(RCS_LOCK + " " + archive)
-    os.system(RCS_PUT + " " + archive)
+    if os.path.lexists(f"{archive},v"):
+        os.system(f"{RCS_LOCK} {archive}")
+    os.system(f"{RCS_PUT} {archive}")
 
     ret = 0
     mystat = None
@@ -241,17 +231,17 @@ def rcs_archive(archive, curconf, newconf, mrgconf):
     if mystat is not None and (
         stat.S_ISREG(mystat.st_mode) or stat.S_ISLNK(mystat.st_mode)
     ):
-        os.system(RCS_GET + " -r" + RCS_BRANCH + " " + archive)
+        os.system(f"{RCS_GET} -r{RCS_BRANCH} {archive}")
         has_branch = os.path.lexists(archive)
         if has_branch:
-            os.rename(archive, archive + ".dist")
+            os.rename(archive, f"{archive}.dist")
 
         _archive_copy(mystat, newconf, archive)
 
         if has_branch:
             if mrgconf and os.path.isfile(archive) and os.path.isfile(mrgconf):
                 # This puts the results of the merge into mrgconf.
-                ret = os.system(RCS_MERGE % (archive, mrgconf))
+                ret = os.system(f"rcsmerge -p -r{RCS_BRANCH} '{archive}' > '{mrgconf}'")
                 os.chmod(mrgconf, mystat.st_mode)
                 os.chown(mrgconf, mystat.st_uid, mystat.st_gid)
         os.rename(archive, archive + ".dist.new")
@@ -273,8 +263,7 @@ def _file_archive_rotate(archive):
         for max_suf, max_st, max_path in (
             (suf, os.lstat(path), path)
             for suf, path in (
-                (suf, "%s.%s" % (archive, suf))
-                for suf in range(1, _ARCHIVE_ROTATE_MAX + 1)
+                (suf, f"{archive}.{suf}") for suf in range(1, _ARCHIVE_ROTATE_MAX + 1)
             )
         ):
             pass
@@ -290,7 +279,7 @@ def _file_archive_rotate(archive):
             # Removing a directory might destroy something important,
             # so rename it instead.
             head, tail = os.path.split(archive)
-            placeholder = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix="%s." % tail, dir=head)
+            placeholder = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix=f"{tail}.", dir=head)
             placeholder.close()
             os.rename(max_path, placeholder.name)
         else:
@@ -300,9 +289,9 @@ def _file_archive_rotate(archive):
         max_suf -= 1
 
     for suf in range(max_suf + 1, 1, -1):
-        os.rename("%s.%s" % (archive, suf - 1), "%s.%s" % (archive, suf))
+        os.rename(f"{archive}.{suf - 1}", f"{archive}.{suf}")
 
-    os.rename(archive, "%s.1" % (archive,))
+    os.rename(archive, f"{archive}.1")
 
 
 def _file_archive_ensure_dir(parent_dir):
@@ -347,7 +336,7 @@ def file_archive(archive, curconf, newconf, mrgconf):
     # Archive the current config file if it isn't already saved
     if (
         os.path.lexists(archive)
-        and len(diffstatusoutput_mixed("diff -aq '%s' '%s'", curconf, archive)[1]) != 0
+        and len(diffstatusoutput_mixed(f"diff -aq '{curconf}' '{archive}'")[1]) != 0
     ):
         _file_archive_rotate(archive)
 
@@ -372,7 +361,7 @@ def file_archive(archive, curconf, newconf, mrgconf):
         stat.S_ISREG(mystat.st_mode) or stat.S_ISLNK(mystat.st_mode)
     ):
         # Save off new config file in the archive dir with .dist.new suffix
-        newconf_archive = archive + ".dist.new"
+        newconf_archive = f"{archive}.dist.new"
         if os.path.isdir(newconf_archive) and not os.path.islink(newconf_archive):
             _file_archive_rotate(newconf_archive)
         _archive_copy(mystat, newconf, newconf_archive)
@@ -382,11 +371,11 @@ def file_archive(archive, curconf, newconf, mrgconf):
             mrgconf
             and os.path.isfile(curconf)
             and os.path.isfile(newconf)
-            and os.path.isfile(archive + ".dist")
+            and os.path.isfile(f"{archive}.dist")
         ):
             # This puts the results of the merge into mrgconf.
             ret = os.system(
-                DIFF3_MERGE % (curconf, archive + ".dist", newconf, mrgconf)
+                f"diff3 -mE '{curconf}' '{archive}.dist' '{newconf}' > '{mrgconf}'"
             )
             os.chmod(mrgconf, mystat.st_mode)
             os.chown(mrgconf, mystat.st_uid, mystat.st_gid)
@@ -397,24 +386,24 @@ def file_archive(archive, curconf, newconf, mrgconf):
 def rcs_archive_post_process(archive):
     """Check in the archive file with the .dist.new suffix on the branch
     and remove the one with the .dist suffix."""
-    os.rename(archive + ".dist.new", archive)
-    if os.path.lexists(archive + ".dist"):
+    os.rename(f"{archive}.dist.new", archive)
+    if os.path.lexists(f"{archive}.dist"):
         # Commit the last-distributed version onto the branch.
-        os.system(RCS_LOCK + RCS_BRANCH + " " + archive)
-        os.system(RCS_PUT + " -r" + RCS_BRANCH + " " + archive)
-        os.unlink(archive + ".dist")
+        os.system(f"{RCS_LOCK}{RCS_BRANCH} {archive}")
+        os.system(f"{RCS_PUT} -r{RCS_BRANCH} {archive}")
+        os.unlink(f"{archive}.dist")
     else:
         # Forcefully commit the last-distributed version onto the branch.
-        os.system(RCS_PUT + " -f -r" + RCS_BRANCH + " " + archive)
+        os.system(f"{RCS_PUT} -f -r{RCS_BRANCH} {archive}")
 
 
 def file_archive_post_process(archive):
     """Rename the archive file with the .dist.new suffix to a .dist suffix"""
-    if os.path.lexists(archive + ".dist.new"):
-        dest = "%s.dist" % archive
+    if os.path.lexists(f"{archive}.dist.new"):
+        dest = f"{archive}.dist"
         if os.path.isdir(dest) and not os.path.islink(dest):
             _file_archive_rotate(dest)
-        os.rename(archive + ".dist.new", dest)
+        os.rename(f"{archive}.dist.new", dest)
 
 
 def perform_conf_update_hooks(kind, conf):

diff --git a/lib/portage/eclass_cache.py b/lib/portage/eclass_cache.py
index c89b70922..f1729326d 100644
--- a/lib/portage/eclass_cache.py
+++ b/lib/portage/eclass_cache.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class hashed_path:
         return val
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<portage.eclass_cache.hashed_path('%s')>" % (self.location,)
+        return f"<portage.eclass_cache.hashed_path('{self.location}')>"
 
 
 class cache:
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class cache:
         that have the same name.
         """
         if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
-            raise TypeError("expected type %s, got %s" % (self.__class__, type(other)))
+            raise TypeError(f"expected type {self.__class__}, got {type(other)}")
         self.porttrees = self.porttrees + other.porttrees
         self.eclasses.update(other.eclasses)
         self._eclass_locations.update(other._eclass_locations)

diff --git a/lib/portage/exception.py b/lib/portage/exception.py
index ff40e463b..360febcc8 100644
--- a/lib/portage/exception.py
+++ b/lib/portage/exception.py
@@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ class UnsupportedAPIException(PortagePackageException):
             eapi = str(eapi)
         eapi = eapi.lstrip("-")
         msg = _(
-            "Unable to do any operations on '%(cpv)s', since "
+            f"Unable to do any operations on '{self.cpv}', since "
             "its EAPI is higher than this portage version's. Please upgrade"
-            " to a portage version that supports EAPI '%(eapi)s'."
-        ) % {"cpv": self.cpv, "eapi": eapi}
+            f" to a portage version that supports EAPI '{eapi}'."
+        )
         return _unicode_decode(msg, encoding=_encodings["content"], errors="replace")
 
 

diff --git a/lib/portage/getbinpkg.py b/lib/portage/getbinpkg.py
index 6aa8f1de1..1e89119fb 100644
--- a/lib/portage/getbinpkg.py
+++ b/lib/portage/getbinpkg.py
@@ -172,12 +172,10 @@ def create_conn(baseurl, conn=None):
         except AttributeError:
             # Python 2
             encodebytes = base64.encodestring
-        http_headers = {
-            b"Authorization": "Basic %s"
-            % encodebytes(_unicode_encode("%s:%s" % (username, password))).replace(
-                b"\012", b""
-            ),
-        }
+        unicode_bytes = encodebytes(_unicode_encode(f"{username}:{password}")).replace(
+            b"\012", b""
+        )
+        http_headers = {b"Authorization": f"Basic {unicode_bytes}"}
 
     if not conn:
         if protocol == "https":
@@ -204,9 +202,10 @@ def create_conn(baseurl, conn=None):
                 conn.login(username, password)
             else:
                 sys.stderr.write(
-                    colorize("WARN", _(" * No password provided for username"))
-                    + " '%s'" % (username,)
-                    + "\n\n"
+                    colorize(
+                        "WARN",
+                        _(f" * No password provided for username '{username}'\n\n"),
+                    )
                 )
                 conn.login(username)
             conn.set_pasv(passive)
@@ -245,15 +244,12 @@ def make_ftp_request(conn, address, rest=None, dest=None):
         conn.voidcmd("TYPE I")
         fsize = conn.size(address)
 
-        if (rest != None) and (rest < 0):
+        retr_address = f"RETR {address}"
+        if rest and rest < 0:
             rest = fsize + int(rest)
-        if rest < 0:
-            rest = 0
-
-        if rest != None:
-            mysocket = conn.transfercmd("RETR %s" % str(address), rest)
+            mysocket = conn.transfercmd(retr_address, rest)
         else:
-            mysocket = conn.transfercmd("RETR %s" % str(address))
+            mysocket = conn.transfercmd(retr_address)
 
         mydata = ""
         while 1:
@@ -262,7 +258,7 @@ def make_ftp_request(conn, address, rest=None, dest=None):
                 if dest:
                     dest.write(somedata)
                 else:
-                    mydata = mydata + somedata
+                    mydata = f"{mydata}{somedata}"
             else:
                 break
 
@@ -302,7 +298,7 @@ def make_http_request(conn, address, _params={}, headers={}, dest=None):
         except SystemExit as e:
             raise
         except Exception as e:
-            return None, None, "Server request failed: %s" % str(e)
+            return None, None, f"Server request failed: {e}"
         response = conn.getresponse()
         rc = response.status
 
@@ -315,15 +311,11 @@ def make_http_request(conn, address, _params={}, headers={}, dest=None):
                 if parts[0] == "Location":
                     if rc == 301:
                         sys.stderr.write(
-                            colorize("BAD", _("Location has moved: "))
-                            + str(parts[1])
-                            + "\n"
+                            f"{colorize('BAD', _('Location has moved: '))}{parts[1]}\n"
                         )
                     if rc == 302:
                         sys.stderr.write(
-                            colorize("BAD", _("Location has temporarily moved: "))
-                            + str(parts[1])
-                            + "\n"
+                            f"{colorize('BAD', _('Location has temporarily moved: '))}{parts[1]}\n"
                         )
                     address = parts[1]
                     break
@@ -332,8 +324,7 @@ def make_http_request(conn, address, _params={}, headers={}, dest=None):
         return (
             None,
             rc,
-            "Server did not respond successfully (%s: %s)"
-            % (str(response.status), str(response.reason)),
+            f"Server did not respond successfully ({response.status}: {response.reason})",
         )
 
     if dest:
@@ -408,7 +399,7 @@ def dir_get_list(baseurl, conn=None):
         if not address.endswith("/"):
             # http servers can return a 400 error here
             # if the address doesn't end with a slash.
-            address += "/"
+            address = f"{address}/"
         page, rc, msg = make_http_request(conn, address, params, headers)
 
         if page:
@@ -461,7 +452,7 @@ def file_get_metadata(baseurl, conn=None, chunk_size=3000):
     conn, protocol, address, params, headers = create_conn(baseurl, conn)
 
     if protocol in ["http", "https"]:
-        headers["Range"] = "bytes=-%s" % str(chunk_size)
+        headers["Range"] = f"bytes=-{chunk_size}"
         data, _x, _x = make_http_request(conn, address, params, headers)
     elif protocol in ["ftp"]:
         data, _x, _x = make_ftp_request(conn, address, -chunk_size)
@@ -473,7 +464,7 @@ def file_get_metadata(baseurl, conn=None, chunk_size=3000):
         finally:
             f.close()
     else:
-        raise TypeError(_("Unknown protocol. '%s'") % protocol)
+        raise TypeError(_(f"Unknown protocol. '{protocol}'"))
 
     if data:
         xpaksize = portage.xpak.decodeint(data[-8:-4])
@@ -523,14 +514,14 @@ def file_get(
     if "DISTDIR" not in variables:
         if dest is None:
             raise portage.exception.MissingParameter(
-                _("%s is missing required '%s' key") % ("fcmd_vars", "DISTDIR")
+                _("fcmd_vars is missing required 'DISTDIR' key")
             )
         variables["DISTDIR"] = dest
 
     if "URI" not in variables:
         if baseurl is None:
             raise portage.exception.MissingParameter(
-                _("%s is missing required '%s' key") % ("fcmd_vars", "URI")
+                _("fcmd_vars is missing required 'URI' key")
             )
         variables["URI"] = baseurl
 
@@ -576,7 +567,7 @@ def file_get_lib(baseurl, dest, conn=None):
 
     conn, protocol, address, params, headers = create_conn(baseurl, conn)
 
-    sys.stderr.write("Fetching '" + str(os.path.basename(address)) + "'\n")
+    sys.stderr.write(f"Fetching '{os.path.basename(address)}'\n")
     if protocol in ["http", "https"]:
         data, rc, _msg = make_http_request(conn, address, params, headers, dest=dest)
     elif protocol in ["ftp"]:
@@ -673,7 +664,7 @@ def dir_get_metadata(
 
     if not os.access(cache_path, os.W_OK):
         sys.stderr.write(_("!!! Unable to write binary metadata to disk!\n"))
-        sys.stderr.write(_("!!! Permission denied: '%s'\n") % cache_path)
+        sys.stderr.write(_(f"!!! Permission denied: '{cache_path}'\n"))
         return metadata[baseurl]["data"]
 
     import portage.exception
@@ -681,10 +672,8 @@ def dir_get_metadata(
     try:
         filelist = dir_get_list(baseurl, conn)
     except portage.exception.PortageException as e:
-        sys.stderr.write(
-            _("!!! Error connecting to '%s'.\n") % _hide_url_passwd(baseurl)
-        )
-        sys.stderr.write("!!! %s\n" % str(e))
+        sys.stderr.write(_(f"!!! Error connecting to '{_hide_url_passwd(baseurl)}'.\n"))
+        sys.stderr.write(f"!!! {e}\n")
         del e
         return metadata[baseurl]["data"]
     tbz2list = match_in_array(filelist, suffix=".tbz2")
@@ -743,10 +732,8 @@ def dir_get_metadata(
                 except SystemExit as e:
                     raise
                 except Exception as e:
-                    sys.stderr.write(
-                        _("!!! Failed to read data from index: ") + str(mfile) + "\n"
-                    )
-                    sys.stderr.write("!!! %s" % str(e))
+                    sys.stderr.write(f"!!! Failed to read data from index: {mfile}\n")
+                    sys.stderr.write(f"!!! {e}")
                     sys.stderr.flush()
             try:
                 metadatafile = open(
@@ -761,7 +748,7 @@ def dir_get_metadata(
                 raise
             except Exception as e:
                 sys.stderr.write(_("!!! Failed to write binary metadata to disk!\n"))
-                sys.stderr.write("!!! %s\n" % str(e))
+                sys.stderr.write(f"!!! {e}\n")
                 sys.stderr.flush()
             break
     # We may have metadata... now we run through the tbz2 list and check.
@@ -784,10 +771,14 @@ def dir_get_metadata(
 
         def display(self):
             self.out.write(
-                "\r"
-                + colorize("WARN", _("cache miss: '") + str(self.misses) + "'")
-                + " --- "
-                + colorize("GOOD", _("cache hit: '") + str(self.hits) + "'")
+                "".join(
+                    (
+                        "\r",
+                        colorize("WARN", _(f"cache miss: '{self.misses}'")),
+                        " --- ",
+                        colorize("GOOD", _(f"cache hit: '{self.hits}'")),
+                    )
+                )
             )
             self.out.flush()
 
@@ -829,9 +820,7 @@ def dir_get_metadata(
                 metadata[baseurl]["data"][x] = make_metadata_dict(myid)
             elif verbose:
                 sys.stderr.write(
-                    colorize("BAD", _("!!! Failed to retrieve metadata on: "))
-                    + str(x)
-                    + "\n"
+                    f"{colorize('BAD', _('!!! Failed to retrieve metadata on: '))}{x}\n"
                 )
                 sys.stderr.flush()
         else:
@@ -946,7 +935,7 @@ class PackageIndex:
 
     def _writepkgindex(self, pkgfile, items):
         for k, v in items:
-            pkgfile.write("%s: %s\n" % (self._write_translation_map.get(k, k), v))
+            pkgfile.write(f"{self._write_translation_map.get(k, k)}: {v}\n")
         pkgfile.write("\n")
 
     def read(self, pkgfile):

diff --git a/lib/portage/glsa.py b/lib/portage/glsa.py
index 19f226db1..05de3ade6 100644
--- a/lib/portage/glsa.py
+++ b/lib/portage/glsa.py
@@ -76,26 +76,29 @@ def wrap(text, width, caption=""):
     words = text.split()
     indentLevel = len(caption) + 1
 
-    for w in words:
-        if line != "" and line[-1] == "\n":
-            rValue += line
+    for word in words:
+        if line and line[-1] == "\n":
+            rValue = f"{rValue}{line}"
             line = " " * indentLevel
-        if len(line) + len(w.replace(NEWLINE_ESCAPE, "")) + 1 > width:
-            rValue += line + "\n"
-            line = " " * indentLevel + w.replace(NEWLINE_ESCAPE, "\n")
-        elif w.find(NEWLINE_ESCAPE) >= 0:
+        if len(line) + len(word.replace(NEWLINE_ESCAPE, "")) + 1 > width:
+            rValue = f"{rValue}{line}\n"
+            escaped_word = word.replace(NEWLINE_ESCAPE, "\n")
+            line = f"{' ' * indentLevel}{escaped_word}"
+        elif word.find(NEWLINE_ESCAPE) >= 0:
+            escaped_word = word.replace(NEWLINE_ESCAPE, "\n")
+            whitespace = ""
             if len(line.strip()) > 0:
-                rValue += line + " " + w.replace(NEWLINE_ESCAPE, "\n")
-            else:
-                rValue += line + w.replace(NEWLINE_ESCAPE, "\n")
+                whitespace = " "
+            rValue = f"{rValue}{line}{whitespace}{escaped_word}"
             line = " " * indentLevel
         else:
+            whitespace = ""
             if len(line.strip()) > 0:
-                line += " " + w
-            else:
-                line += w
+                whitespace = " "
+            line = f"{line}{whitespace}{word}"
     if len(line) > 0:
-        rValue += line.replace(NEWLINE_ESCAPE, "\n")
+        escaped_line = line.replace(NEWLINE_ESCAPE, "\n")
+        rValue = f"{rValue}{escaped_line}"
     rValue = rValue.replace(SPACE_ESCAPE, " ")
     return rValue
 
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ def getText(node, format, textfd=None):  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
         returnNone = True
     if format in ["strip", "keep"]:
         if node.nodeName in ["uri", "mail"]:
-            textfd.write(node.childNodes[0].data + ": " + node.getAttribute("link"))
+            textfd.write(f"{node.childNodes[0].data}:{node.getAttribute('link')}")
         else:
             for subnode in node.childNodes:
                 if subnode.nodeName == "#text":
@@ -203,14 +206,12 @@ def getText(node, format, textfd=None):  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
                 textfd.write(NEWLINE_ESCAPE)
             elif subnode.nodeName == "ul":
                 for li in getListElements(subnode):
-                    textfd.write("-" + SPACE_ESCAPE + li + NEWLINE_ESCAPE + " ")
+                    textfd.write(f"-{SPACE_ESCAPE}{li}{NEWLINE_ESCAPE} ")
             elif subnode.nodeName == "ol":
                 i = 0
                 for li in getListElements(subnode):
                     i = i + 1
-                    textfd.write(
-                        str(i) + "." + SPACE_ESCAPE + li + NEWLINE_ESCAPE + " "
-                    )
+                    textfd.write(f"{i}.{SPACE_ESCAPE}{li}{NEWLINE_ESCAPE} ")
             elif subnode.nodeName == "code":
                 textfd.write(
                     getText(subnode, format="keep")
@@ -262,19 +263,16 @@ def makeAtom(pkgname, versionNode):
     @rtype:		String
     @return:	the portage atom
     """
-    rValue = (
-        opMapping[versionNode.getAttribute("range")]
-        + pkgname
-        + "-"
-        + getText(versionNode, format="strip")
-    )
+    op = opMapping[versionNode.getAttribute("range")]
+    version = getText(versionNode, format="strip")
+    rValue = f"{op}{pkgname}-{version}"
     try:
         slot = versionNode.getAttribute("slot").strip()
     except KeyError:
         pass
     else:
         if slot and slot != "*":
-            rValue += _slot_separator + slot
+            rValue = f"{rValue}{_slot_separator}{slot}"
     return str(rValue)
 
 
@@ -289,16 +287,16 @@ def makeVersion(versionNode):
     @rtype:		String
     @return:	the version string
     """
-    rValue = opMapping[versionNode.getAttribute("range")] + getText(
-        versionNode, format="strip"
-    )
+    op = opMapping[versionNode.getAttribute("range")]
+    version = getText(versionNode, format="strip")
+    rValue = f"{op}{version}"
     try:
         slot = versionNode.getAttribute("slot").strip()
     except KeyError:
         pass
     else:
         if slot and slot != "*":
-            rValue += _slot_separator + slot
+            rValue = f"{rValue}{_slot_separator}{slot}"
     return rValue
 
 
@@ -421,9 +419,9 @@ def getMinUpgrade(vulnerableList, unaffectedList, portdbapi, vardbapi, minimize=
                 and portdbapi._pkg_str(c, None).slot
                 == vardbapi._pkg_str(vuln, None).slot
             ):
-                update = c_pv[0] + "/" + c_pv[1] + "-" + c_pv[2]
+                update = f"{c_pv[0]}/{c_pv[1]}-{c_pv[2]}"
                 if c_pv[3] != "r0":  # we don't like -r0 for display
-                    update += "-" + c_pv[3]
+                    update = f"{update}-{c_pv[3]}"
                 update = portdbapi._pkg_str(update, None)
         vuln_update.append([vuln, update])
 
@@ -466,7 +464,7 @@ def format_date(datestr):
 
 class GlsaTypeException(Exception):
     def __init__(self, doctype):
-        Exception.__init__(self, "wrong DOCTYPE: %s" % doctype)
+        Exception.__init__(self, f"wrong DOCTYPE: {doctype}")
 
 
 class GlsaFormatException(Exception):
@@ -509,7 +507,7 @@ class Glsa:
             self.type = "file"
         else:
             raise GlsaArgumentException(
-                _("Given ID %s isn't a valid GLSA ID or filename.") % myid
+                _(f"Given ID {myid} isn't a valid GLSA ID or filename.")
             )
         self.nr = myid
         self.config = myconfig
@@ -526,13 +524,13 @@ class Glsa:
         @return:	None
         """
         if "GLSA_DIR" in self.config:
-            repository = "file://" + self.config["GLSA_DIR"] + "/"
+            repository = f"file://{self.config['GLSA_DIR']}/"
         else:
-            repository = "file://" + self.config["PORTDIR"] + "/metadata/glsa/"
+            repository = f"file://{self.config['PORTDIR']}/metadata/glsa/"
         if self.type == "file":
-            myurl = "file://" + self.nr
+            myurl = f"file://{self.nr}"
         else:
-            myurl = repository + "glsa-%s.xml" % str(self.nr)
+            myurl = f"{repository}glsa-{self.nr}.xml"
 
         f = urllib_request_urlopen(myurl)
         try:
@@ -563,10 +561,9 @@ class Glsa:
         myroot = self.DOM.getElementsByTagName("glsa")[0]
         if self.type == "id" and myroot.getAttribute("id") != self.nr:
             raise GlsaFormatException(
-                _("filename and internal id don't match:")
-                + myroot.getAttribute("id")
-                + " != "
-                + self.nr
+                _(
+                    f"filename and internal id don't match: {myroot.getAttribute('id')} != {self.nr}"
+                )
             )
 
         # the simple (single, required, top-level, #PCDATA) tags first
@@ -585,17 +582,14 @@ class Glsa:
         count = revisedEl.getAttribute("count")
         if not count:
             raise GlsaFormatException(
-                "Count attribute is missing or blank in GLSA: "
-                + myroot.getAttribute("id")
+                f"Count attribute is missing or blank in GLSA: {myroot.getAttribute('id')}"
             )
 
         try:
             self.count = int(count)
         except ValueError:
             raise GlsaFormatException(
-                "Revision attribute in GLSA: "
-                + myroot.getAttribute("id")
-                + " is not an integer"
+                f"Revision attribute in GLSA: {myroot.getAttribute('id')} is not an integer"
             )
 
         self.revised = format_date(self.revised)
@@ -645,9 +639,9 @@ class Glsa:
             try:
                 name = portage.dep.Atom(name)
             except portage.exception.InvalidAtom:
-                raise GlsaFormatException(_("invalid package name: %s") % name)
+                raise GlsaFormatException(_(f"invalid package name: {name}"))
             if name != name.cp:
-                raise GlsaFormatException(_("invalid package name: %s") % name)
+                raise GlsaFormatException(_(f"invalid package name: {name}"))
             name = name.cp
             if name not in self.packages:
                 self.packages[name] = []
@@ -683,58 +677,51 @@ class Glsa:
         outstream = getattr(outstream, "buffer", outstream)
         outstream = codecs.getwriter(encoding)(outstream)
         width = 76
-        outstream.write(("GLSA %s: \n%s" % (self.nr, self.title)).center(width) + "\n")
-        outstream.write((width * "=") + "\n")
-        outstream.write(
-            wrap(self.synopsis, width, caption=_("Synopsis:         ")) + "\n"
-        )
-        outstream.write(_("Announced on:      %s\n") % self.announced)
-        outstream.write(
-            _("Last revised on:   %s : %02d\n\n") % (self.revised, self.count)
+        buffer = "\n".join(
+            (
+                f"GLSA {self.nr}: ",
+                f"{self.title}".center(width),
+                "=" * width,
+                wrap(self.synopsis, width, caption=_("Synopsis:         ")),
+                _(f"Announced on:      {self.announced}"),
+                _(f"Last revised on:   {self.revised} : %{self.count}\n"),
+            )
         )
+        outstream.write(buffer)
         if self.glsatype == "ebuild":
             for k in self.packages:
                 pkg = self.packages[k]
                 for path in pkg:
                     vul_vers = ", ".join(path["vul_vers"])
                     unaff_vers = ", ".join(path["unaff_vers"])
-                    outstream.write(_("Affected package:  %s\n") % k)
+                    outstream.write(_(f"Affected package:  {k}\n"))
                     outstream.write(_("Affected archs:    "))
                     if path["arch"] == "*":
                         outstream.write(_("All\n"))
                     else:
-                        outstream.write("%s\n" % path["arch"])
-                    outstream.write(_("Vulnerable:        %s\n") % vul_vers)
-                    outstream.write(_("Unaffected:        %s\n\n") % unaff_vers)
+                        outstream.write(f"{path['arch']}\n")
+                    outstream.write(_(f"Vulnerable:        {vul_vers}\n"))
+                    outstream.write(_(f"Unaffected:        {unaff_vers}\n\n"))
         elif self.glsatype == "infrastructure":
             pass
         if len(self.bugs) > 0:
-            outstream.write(_("\nRelated bugs:      "))
-            outstream.write(", ".join(self.bugs))
-            outstream.write("\n")
+            outstream.write(_(f"\nRelated bugs:      {', '.join(self.bugs)}\n"))
         if self.background:
-            outstream.write(
-                "\n" + wrap(self.background, width, caption=_("Background:       "))
-            )
-        outstream.write(
-            "\n" + wrap(self.description, width, caption=_("Description:      "))
-        )
-        outstream.write(
-            "\n" + wrap(self.impact_text, width, caption=_("Impact:           "))
-        )
-        outstream.write(
-            "\n" + wrap(self.workaround, width, caption=_("Workaround:       "))
-        )
-        outstream.write(
-            "\n" + wrap(self.resolution, width, caption=_("Resolution:       "))
-        )
+            bg = wrap(self.background, width, caption=_("Background:       "))
+            outstream.write(f"\n{bg}")
         myreferences = " ".join(
             r.replace(" ", SPACE_ESCAPE) + NEWLINE_ESCAPE for r in self.references
         )
-        outstream.write(
-            "\n" + wrap(myreferences, width, caption=_("References:       "))
+        buffer = "\n".join(
+            (
+                wrap(self.description, width, caption=_("Description:      ")),
+                wrap(self.impact_text, width, caption=_("Impact:           ")),
+                wrap(self.workaround, width, caption=_("Workaround:       ")),
+                wrap(self.resolution, width, caption=_("Resolution:       ")),
+                wrap(myreferences, width, caption=_("References:       ")),
+            )
         )
-        outstream.write("\n")
+        outstream.write(f"\n{buffer}\n")
 
     def isVulnerable(self):
         """

diff --git a/lib/portage/gpg.py b/lib/portage/gpg.py
index 57be2ebc0..6238ea6f7 100644
--- a/lib/portage/gpg.py
+++ b/lib/portage/gpg.py
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ class GPG:
                 # When run with no input/output tty, this will fail.
                 # However, if the password is given by command,
                 # GPG does not need to ask password, so can be ignored.
-                writemsg(colorize("WARN", str(e)) + "\n")
+                writemsg(f"{colorize('WARN', str(e))}\n")
 
             cmd = shlex_split(varexpand(self.GPG_unlock_command, mydict=self.settings))
             return_code = subprocess.Popen(cmd).wait()
 
             if return_code == os.EX_OK:
-                writemsg_stdout(colorize("GOOD", "unlocked") + "\n")
+                writemsg_stdout(f"{colorize('GOOD', 'unlocked')}\n")
                 sys.stdout.flush()
             else:
                 raise GPGException("GPG unlock failed")

diff --git a/lib/portage/gpkg.py b/lib/portage/gpkg.py
index b642e74ec..fc111e44a 100644
--- a/lib/portage/gpkg.py
+++ b/lib/portage/gpkg.py
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ class tar_stream_reader:
                     if not self.proc.stderr.closed:
                         stderr = self.proc.stderr.read().decode()
                     if not self.killed:
-                        writemsg(colorize("BAD", "!!!" + "\n" + stderr))
+                        writemsg(colorize("BAD", f"!!!\n{stderr}"))
                         raise CompressorOperationFailed("decompression failed")
             finally:
                 self.proc.stdout.close()
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ class checksum_helper:
                 trust_signature = True
 
         if (not good_signature) or (not trust_signature):
-            writemsg(colorize("BAD", "!!!" + "\n" + self.gpg_result.decode()))
+            writemsg(colorize("BAD", f"!!!\n{self.gpg_result.decode()}"))
             raise InvalidSignature("GPG verify failed")
 
     def _drop_privileges(self):
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ class checksum_helper:
                 if self.gpg_operation == checksum_helper.VERIFY:
                     self._check_gpg_status(self.gpg_result.decode())
             else:
-                writemsg(colorize("BAD", "!!!" + "\n" + self.gpg_result.decode()))
+                writemsg(colorize("BAD", f"!!!\n{self.gpg_result.decode()}"))
                 if self.gpg_operation == checksum_helper.SIGNING:
                     writemsg(colorize("BAD", self.gpg_output.decode()))
                     raise GPGException("GPG signing failed")
@@ -913,9 +913,7 @@ class gpkg:
                 container_file.write(
                     urlopen(
                         url,
-                        headers={
-                            "Range": "bytes=" + str(init_size + 1) + "-" + str(end_size)
-                        },
+                        headers={"Range": f"bytes={init_size + 1}-{end_size}"},
                     ).read()
                 )
 
@@ -1057,7 +1055,7 @@ class gpkg:
                         image_safe = tar_safe_extract(image, "image")
                         image_safe.extractall(decompress_dir)
                     except Exception as ex:
-                        writemsg(colorize("BAD", "!!!" + "Extract failed."))
+                        writemsg(colorize("BAD", "!!!Extract failed."))
                         raise
                     finally:
                         image_tar.kill()
@@ -1079,7 +1077,7 @@ class gpkg:
                 raise InvalidBinaryPackageFormat("Cannot identify tar format")
 
         # container
-        tmp_gpkg_file_name = self.gpkg_file + "." + str(os.getpid())
+        tmp_gpkg_file_name = f"{self.gpkg_file}.{os.getpid()}"
         with tarfile.TarFile(
             name=tmp_gpkg_file_name, mode="w", format=container_tar_format
         ) as container:
@@ -1178,7 +1176,7 @@ class gpkg:
         """
 
         protect_file = io.BytesIO(
-            b"# empty file because --include-config=n " + b"when `quickpkg` was used\n"
+            b"# empty file because --include-config=n when `quickpkg` was used\n"
         )
         protect_file.seek(0, io.SEEK_END)
         protect_file_size = protect_file.tell()
@@ -1412,7 +1410,7 @@ class gpkg:
             raise GPGException("GPG signature is not exists")
 
         signature = io.BytesIO(checksum_info.gpg_output)
-        signature_tarinfo = tarfile.TarInfo(tarinfo.name + ".sig")
+        signature_tarinfo = tarfile.TarInfo(f"{tarinfo.name}.sig")
         signature_tarinfo.size = len(signature.getvalue())
         signature_tarinfo.mtime = datetime.utcnow().timestamp()
         container.addfile(signature_tarinfo, signature)

diff --git a/lib/portage/localization.py b/lib/portage/localization.py
index 9df71d62d..b9c9e90ec 100644
--- a/lib/portage/localization.py
+++ b/lib/portage/localization.py
@@ -28,10 +28,7 @@ def localization_example():
     a_value = "value.of.a"
     b_value = 123
     c_value = [1, 2, 3, 4]
-    print(
-        _("A: %(a)s -- B: %(b)s -- C: %(c)s")
-        % {"a": a_value, "b": b_value, "c": c_value}
-    )
+    print(_(f"A: {a_value} -- B: {b_value} -- C: {c_value}"))
 
 
 def localized_size(num_bytes):
@@ -47,4 +44,5 @@ def localized_size(num_bytes):
     except UnicodeDecodeError:
         # failure to decode locale data
         formatted_num = str(num_kib)
-    return _unicode_decode(formatted_num, encoding=_encodings["stdio"]) + " KiB"
+    unicode_num = _unicode_decode(formatted_num, encoding=_encodings["stdio"])
+    return f"{unicode_num} KiB"

diff --git a/lib/portage/mail.py b/lib/portage/mail.py
index aa2617b42..7ffb0d269 100644
--- a/lib/portage/mail.py
+++ b/lib/portage/mail.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def create_message(sender, recipient, subject, body, attachments=None):
                 mymessage.attach(TextMessage(x))
             else:
                 raise portage.exception.PortageException(
-                    _("Can't handle type of attachment: %s") % type(x)
+                    _(f"Can't handle type of attachment: {type(x)}")
                 )
 
     mymessage.set_unixfrom(sender)
@@ -117,14 +117,13 @@ def send_mail(mysettings, message):
 
     # user wants to use a sendmail binary instead of smtp
     if mymailhost[0] == os.sep and os.path.exists(mymailhost):
-        fd = os.popen(mymailhost + " -f " + myfrom + " " + myrecipient, "w")
+        fd = os.popen(f"{mymailhost } -f {myfrom} {myrecipient}", "w")
         fd.write(_force_ascii_if_necessary(message.as_string()))
         if fd.close() != None:
             sys.stderr.write(
                 _(
-                    "!!! %s returned with a non-zero exit code. This generally indicates an error.\n"
+                    f"!!! {mymailhost} returned with a non-zero exit code. This generally indicates an error.\n"
                 )
-                % mymailhost
             )
     else:
         try:
@@ -149,12 +148,11 @@ def send_mail(mysettings, message):
             myconn.quit()
         except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
             raise portage.exception.PortageException(
-                _("!!! An error occurred while trying to send logmail:\n") + str(e)
+                _(f"!!! An error occurred while trying to send logmail:\n{e}")
             )
         except socket.error as e:
             raise portage.exception.PortageException(
                 _(
-                    "!!! A network error occurred while trying to send logmail:\n%s\nSure you configured PORTAGE_ELOG_MAILURI correctly?"
+                    f"!!! A network error occurred while trying to send logmail:\n{e}\nSure you configured PORTAGE_ELOG_MAILURI correctly?"
                 )
-                % str(e)
             )