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swift 08/05/20 18:57:45 |
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|
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Modified: home-router-howto.xml |
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Log: |
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Coding style |
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|
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Revision Changes Path |
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1.60 xml/htdocs/doc/en/home-router-howto.xml |
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|
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file : http://sources.gentoo.org/viewcvs.py/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/home-router-howto.xml?rev=1.60&view=markup |
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plain: http://sources.gentoo.org/viewcvs.py/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/home-router-howto.xml?rev=1.60&content-type=text/plain |
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diff : http://sources.gentoo.org/viewcvs.py/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/home-router-howto.xml?r1=1.59&r2=1.60 |
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|
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Index: home-router-howto.xml |
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=================================================================== |
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RCS file: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/home-router-howto.xml,v |
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retrieving revision 1.59 |
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retrieving revision 1.60 |
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diff -u -r1.59 -r1.60 |
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--- home-router-howto.xml 27 Jul 2007 17:50:59 -0000 1.59 |
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+++ home-router-howto.xml 20 May 2008 18:57:45 -0000 1.60 |
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@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ |
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<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> |
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<!DOCTYPE guide SYSTEM "/dtd/guide.dtd"> |
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-<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/home-router-howto.xml,v 1.59 2007/07/27 17:50:59 nightmorph Exp $ --> |
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+<!-- $Header: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/home-router-howto.xml,v 1.60 2008/05/20 18:57:45 swift Exp $ --> |
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|
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<guide link="/doc/en/home-router-howto.xml" lang="en"> |
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<title>Home Router Guide</title> |
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|
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<author title="Author"> |
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- <mail link="vapier@g.o">Mike Frysinger</mail> |
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+ <mail link="vapier@g.o">Mike Frysinger</mail> |
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</author> |
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|
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<abstract> |
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-This document details how to turn an old Gentoo machine into a router |
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+This document details how to turn an old Gentoo machine into a router |
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for connecting your home network to the internet. |
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</abstract> |
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|
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@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ |
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|
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<p> |
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Building your own router out of old spare parts has many advantages over buying |
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-a pre-made canned router by say Linksys. The biggest one by far is control |
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-over the connection. The other advantages are left up to your imagination; |
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+a pre-made canned router by say Linksys. The biggest one by far is control |
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+over the connection. The other advantages are left up to your imagination; |
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just about anything can be done in this scenario, it's just a matter of needing |
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it. |
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</p> |
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@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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-Before getting started, there's a few basic requirements you must meet. First, |
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+Before getting started, there's a few basic requirements you must meet. First, |
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you'll need a computer that has at least 2 Network Interface Cards (NICs) in |
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-it. Next, you'll need the configuration settings for your internet connection |
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-(may include things like IP/DNS/Gateway/username/password). Finally, you'll |
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+it. Next, you'll need the configuration settings for your internet connection |
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+(may include things like IP/DNS/Gateway/username/password). Finally, you'll |
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need a bit of spare time and some Gentoo loving. |
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</p> |
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|
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@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ |
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<impo> |
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Due to security precautions, I would highly suggest you shut down any unneeded |
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services on the router until we have a chance to get the firewall up and |
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-rolling. To view the currently running services, just run <c>rc-status</c>. |
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+rolling. To view the currently running services, just run <c>rc-status</c>. |
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</impo> |
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|
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</body> |
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@@ -77,91 +77,91 @@ |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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-Your kernel needs to have the drivers running for both your NICs. To see if |
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-your cards are already setup, just run <c>ifconfig</c>. Your output may differ |
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-slightly from the following, that's fine. What matters is that the interface |
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+Your kernel needs to have the drivers running for both your NICs. To see if |
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+your cards are already setup, just run <c>ifconfig</c>. Your output may differ |
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+slightly from the following, that's fine. What matters is that the interface |
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shows up at all. |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Checking NICs"> |
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# <i>ifconfig -a</i> |
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-eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:60:F5:07:07:B8 |
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- BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 |
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- RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 |
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- TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 |
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- collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 |
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- RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) |
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- Interrupt:11 Base address:0x9800 |
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- |
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-eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:60:F5:07:07:B9 |
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- BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 |
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- RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 |
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- TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 |
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- collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 |
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- RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) |
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- Interrupt:10 Base address:0x9400 |
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+eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:60:F5:07:07:B8 |
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+ BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 |
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+ RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 |
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+ TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 |
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+ collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 |
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+ RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) |
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+ Interrupt:11 Base address:0x9800 |
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+ |
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+eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:60:F5:07:07:B9 |
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+ BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 |
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+ RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 |
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+ TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 |
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+ collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 |
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+ RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) |
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+ Interrupt:10 Base address:0x9400 |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you do not see your two cards showing up and you're not sure what kind of |
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-cards you have, try running <c>lspci | grep Ethernet</c>. You can get that |
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-from <c>emerge pciutils</c>. Once you have this information, go into your |
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+cards you have, try running <c>lspci | grep Ethernet</c>. You can get that |
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+from <c>emerge pciutils</c>. Once you have this information, go into your |
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kernel and add support for the correct drivers. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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The next thing you'll need is support for iptables and NAT (and packet shaping |
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-if you want). The following list is split up into always required (*), |
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-required only for adsl via PPPoE (a), suggested for everyone (x), and only |
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-for shaper (s) features. It does not matter whether you build the features |
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-into the kernel or as a module so long as when the feature is needed, the |
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-correct module(s) are loaded (module loading is left to the reader as a fun |
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+if you want). The following list is split up into always required (*), |
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+required only for adsl via PPPoE (a), suggested for everyone (x), and only |
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+for shaper (s) features. It does not matter whether you build the features |
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+into the kernel or as a module so long as when the feature is needed, the |
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+correct module(s) are loaded (module loading is left to the reader as a fun |
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exercise however). |
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</p> |
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|
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<pre caption="Network Options"> |
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-Networking options ---> |
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- [*] TCP/IP networking |
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- [*] IP: advanced router |
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- [*] Network packet filtering (replaces ipchains) |
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+Networking options ---> |
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+ [*] TCP/IP networking |
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+ [*] IP: advanced router |
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+ [*] Network packet filtering (replaces ipchains) |
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<comment>If you use 2.4.x, you have to enable the following for DHCP:</comment> |
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- [*] Socket Filtering |
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+ [*] Socket Filtering |
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|
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- IP: Netfilter Configuration ---> |
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- [*] Connection tracking (required for masq/NAT) |
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- [x] FTP protocol support |
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- [x] IRC protocol support |
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- [*] IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT) |
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- [*] IP range match support |
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- [x] MAC address match support |
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- [*] Multiple port match support |
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- [*] Packet filtering |
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- [*] REJECT target support |
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- [x] REDIRECT target support |
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- [*] Full NAT |
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- [*] MASQUERADE target support |
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- [s] Packet mangling |
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- [s] MARK target support |
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- [x] LOG target support |
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- |
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- QoS and/or fair queueing ---> |
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- [s] QoS and/or fair queueing |
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- [s] HTB packet scheduler |
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- [s] Ingress Qdisc |
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- |
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- [a] PPP (point-to-point protocol) support |
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- [a] PPP filtering |
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- [a] PPP support for async serial ports |
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- [a] PPP support for sync tty ports |
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- [a] PPP Deflate compression |
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- [a] PPP BSD-Compress compression |
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- [a] PPP over Ethernet |
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+ IP: Netfilter Configuration ---> |
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+ [*] Connection tracking (required for masq/NAT) |
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+ [x] FTP protocol support |
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+ [x] IRC protocol support |
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+ [*] IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT) |
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+ [*] IP range match support |
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+ [x] MAC address match support |
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+ [*] Multiple port match support |
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+ [*] Packet filtering |
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+ [*] REJECT target support |
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+ [x] REDIRECT target support |
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+ [*] Full NAT |
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+ [*] MASQUERADE target support |
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+ [s] Packet mangling |
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+ [s] MARK target support |
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+ [x] LOG target support |
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+ |
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+ QoS and/or fair queueing ---> |
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+ [s] QoS and/or fair queueing |
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+ [s] HTB packet scheduler |
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+ [s] Ingress Qdisc |
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+ |
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+ [a] PPP (point-to-point protocol) support |
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+ [a] PPP filtering |
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+ [a] PPP support for async serial ports |
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+ [a] PPP support for sync tty ports |
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+ [a] PPP Deflate compression |
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+ [a] PPP BSD-Compress compression |
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+ [a] PPP over Ethernet |
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</pre> |
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|
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<note> |
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Some things may be slightly different in a 2.4 vs 2.6 kernel, but you should be |
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-able to figure it out :). Even among 2.6 kernels, these options have a |
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-tendency to move around. Good luck! |
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+able to figure it out :). Even among 2.6 kernels, these options have a |
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+tendency to move around. Good luck! |
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</note> |
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|
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</body> |
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@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@ |
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|
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<p> |
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There are many ways to connect to the internet so I'll just cover the ones I'm |
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-familiar with. That leaves us with ADSL (PPPoE) and cable modems |
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-(static/dynamic). If there are other methods out there, feel free to write up |
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-a little blurb and e-mail me. Feel free to skip any of the following sections |
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-in this chapter that don't apply to you. This chapter is just about getting |
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+familiar with. That leaves us with ADSL (PPPoE) and cable modems |
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+(static/dynamic). If there are other methods out there, feel free to write up |
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+a little blurb and e-mail me. Feel free to skip any of the following sections |
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+in this chapter that don't apply to you. This chapter is just about getting |
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the router connected to the internet via eth1. |
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</p> |
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|
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@@ -191,17 +191,17 @@ |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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-All the fancy PPPoE software that used to be provided by rp-pppoe |
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-(<uri link="http://www.roaringpenguin.com/">Roaring Penguin</uri>) has been |
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-integrated into the <uri link="http://samba.org/ppp/">standard PPP |
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-package</uri>. Simply <c>emerge ppp</c> and you'll be on your way. Remember |
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-how I said you'll need username/password information? Well I wasn't lying so |
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-I hope you have it now! Load up <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path> in your favorite |
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+All the fancy PPPoE software that used to be provided by rp-pppoe |
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+(<uri link="http://www.roaringpenguin.com/">Roaring Penguin</uri>) has been |
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+integrated into the <uri link="http://samba.org/ppp/">standard PPP |
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+package</uri>. Simply <c>emerge ppp</c> and you'll be on your way. Remember |
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+how I said you'll need username/password information? Well I wasn't lying so |
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+I hope you have it now! Load up <path>/etc/conf.d/net</path> in your favorite |
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editor and set it up. |
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</p> |
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|
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<note> |
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-In order for the following net settings to work, you must have |
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+In order for the following net settings to work, you must have |
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baselayout-1.12.9 or later installed on your system. |
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</note> |
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|
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@@ -214,9 +214,9 @@ |
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link_ppp0="eth1" |
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plugins_ppp0=( "pppoe" ) |
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pppd_ppp0=( |
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- "defaultroute" |
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- "usepeerdns" |
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- <comment>There may be other settings you want, see /etc/conf.d/net.example</comment> |
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+ "defaultroute" |
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+ "usepeerdns" |
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+ <comment>There may be other settings you want, see /etc/conf.d/net.example</comment> |
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) |
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username_ppp0="vla9h924" |
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password_ppp0="boogie" |
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@@ -227,19 +227,19 @@ |
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</pre> |
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|
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<warn> |
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-When the DSL interface comes up, it will create ppp0. Although your NIC is |
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-called eth1, the IP is actually bound to ppp0. From now on, when you see |
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+When the DSL interface comes up, it will create ppp0. Although your NIC is |
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+called eth1, the IP is actually bound to ppp0. From now on, when you see |
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examples that utilize 'eth1', substitute with 'ppp0'. |
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</warn> |
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|
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<warn> |
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-Make sure you change the permissions of the /etc/conf.d/net file so that only |
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+Make sure you change the permissions of the /etc/conf.d/net file so that only |
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root can read/write it since you're sticking your username/password in it. |
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</warn> |
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|
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<warn> |
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-For people transitioning from the <c>rp-pppoe</c> package, or for people who |
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-hit weird connection resets, see the MTU section in the Troubleshooting |
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+For people transitioning from the <c>rp-pppoe</c> package, or for people who |
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+hit weird connection resets, see the MTU section in the Troubleshooting |
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chapter. |
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</warn> |
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|
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@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ |
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<body> |
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|
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<p> |
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-If you have a static IP then you will need a few more details than if |
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-you have a dynamic IP. For static users, you will need your IP, |
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+If you have a static IP then you will need a few more details than if |
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+you have a dynamic IP. For static users, you will need your IP, |
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gateway, and DNS servers. |
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</p> |
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|
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@@ -316,28 +316,28 @@ |
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|
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<p> |
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I bet it'd be nice if everyone else in your house could just plug their |
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-computers into the network and things would just work. No need to remember |
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+computers into the network and things would just work. No need to remember |
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mind-numbing details or make them stare at confusing configuration screens! |
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-Life would be grand eh? Introducing the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol |
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+Life would be grand eh? Introducing the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol |
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(DHCP) and why you should care. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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-DHCP is exactly what its name implies. It's a protocol that allows you |
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-to dynamically configure other hosts automatically. You run a DHCP server on |
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+DHCP is exactly what its name implies. It's a protocol that allows you |
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+to dynamically configure other hosts automatically. You run a DHCP server on |
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the router, give it all the information about your network (valid IPs, |
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DNS servers, gateways, etc...), and then when the other hosts start up, they |
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-run a DHCP client to automatically configure themselves. No fuss, no muss! |
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+run a DHCP client to automatically configure themselves. No fuss, no muss! |
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For more information about DHCP, you can always visit <uri |
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link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHCP">Wikipedia</uri>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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We'll use a package called dnsmasq which provides both DHCP and DNS services. |
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-For now lets just focus on the DHCP aspect. Note that if you want to run a |
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+For now lets just focus on the DHCP aspect. Note that if you want to run a |
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different DHCP server, you can find another example in the Fun Things chapter. |
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-Also, if you wish to tinker with the DHCP server settings, just read the |
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-comments in <path>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</path>. All the defaults should work fine |
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+Also, if you wish to tinker with the DHCP server settings, just read the |
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+comments in <path>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</path>. All the defaults should work fine |
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though. |
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</p> |
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|
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@@ -354,12 +354,12 @@ |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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-Now your little router is a bona-fide DHCP server! Plugin those computers and |
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-watch them work! With Windows systems you should go into the TCP/IP Properties |
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+Now your little router is a bona-fide DHCP server! Plugin those computers and |
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+watch them work! With Windows systems you should go into the TCP/IP Properties |
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and select the 'Obtain an IP address automatically' and 'Obtain DNS server |
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-address automatically' options. Sometimes the changes aren't instantaneous, so |
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+address automatically' options. Sometimes the changes aren't instantaneous, so |
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you may have to open a command prompt and run <c>ipconfig /release</c> and |
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-<c>ipconfig /renew</c>. But enough about Windows, let's get back to our |
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+<c>ipconfig /renew</c>. But enough about Windows, let's get back to our |
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favorite penguin. |
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</p> |
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|
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@@ -372,25 +372,25 @@ |
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|
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<p> |
| 375 |
When people want to visit a place on the internet, they remember names, not a |
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-string of funky numbers. After all, what's easier to remember, ebay.com or |
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-66.135.192.87? This is where the DNS steps in. DNS servers run all over the |
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+string of funky numbers. After all, what's easier to remember, ebay.com or |
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+66.135.192.87? This is where the DNS steps in. DNS servers run all over the |
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internet, and whenever someone wants to visit 'ebay.com', these servers turn |
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'ebay.com' (what we understand) into '66.135.192.87' (what our computers |
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-understand). For more information about DNS, you can always visit <uri |
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+understand). For more information about DNS, you can always visit <uri |
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link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS">Wikipedia</uri>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Since we're using dnsmasq for our DHCP server, and it includes a DNS server, |
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-you've got nothing left to do here! Your little router is already providing |
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-DNS to its DHCP clients. Bet you wish everything was this easy ;). |
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+you've got nothing left to do here! Your little router is already providing |
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+DNS to its DHCP clients. Bet you wish everything was this easy ;). |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
| 396 |
-You're welcome to choose other DNS servers if you're more comfortable with |
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-them, but the reason dnsmasq is great is because it was designed to do exactly |
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-what we want and nothing more. It's a little DNS caching/forwarding server for |
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-local networks. We're not looking to provide DNS for our own domain here, just |
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+You're welcome to choose other DNS servers if you're more comfortable with |
| 401 |
+them, but the reason dnsmasq is great is because it was designed to do exactly |
| 402 |
+what we want and nothing more. It's a little DNS caching/forwarding server for |
| 403 |
+local networks. We're not looking to provide DNS for our own domain here, just |
| 404 |
offer simple DNS services to everyone else on our LAN. |
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</p> |
| 406 |
|
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@@ -409,17 +409,17 @@ |
| 408 |
</p> |
| 409 |
|
| 410 |
<p> |
| 411 |
-This is where Network Address Translation (NAT) steps in. NAT is a way of |
| 412 |
-connecting multiple computers in a private LAN to the internet when you have a |
| 413 |
-smaller number of public IP addresses available to you. Typically you are given |
| 414 |
+This is where Network Address Translation (NAT) steps in. NAT is a way of |
| 415 |
+connecting multiple computers in a private LAN to the internet when you have a |
| 416 |
+smaller number of public IP addresses available to you. Typically you are given |
| 417 |
1 IP by your ISP, but you want to let your whole house connect to the internet. |
| 418 |
-NAT is the magic that makes this possible. For more information about NAT, you |
| 419 |
+NAT is the magic that makes this possible. For more information about NAT, you |
| 420 |
can always visit <uri link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT">Wikipedia</uri>. |
| 421 |
</p> |
| 422 |
|
| 423 |
<note> |
| 424 |
-Before we get started, make sure you have iptables on your system. Although it |
| 425 |
-is automatically installed on most systems, you may not have it. If you don't, |
| 426 |
+Before we get started, make sure you have iptables on your system. Although it |
| 427 |
+is automatically installed on most systems, you may not have it. If you don't, |
| 428 |
just run <c>emerge iptables</c>. |
| 429 |
</note> |
| 430 |
|
| 431 |
@@ -473,13 +473,13 @@ |
| 432 |
|
| 433 |
<p> |
| 434 |
Once you've typed out all of that, the rest of your network should now be able |
| 435 |
-to use the internet as if they were directly connected themselves. |
| 436 |
+to use the internet as if they were directly connected themselves. |
| 437 |
</p> |
| 438 |
|
| 439 |
<p> |
| 440 |
The ip_dynaddr option is useful for dial on demand systems or when your ISP |
| 441 |
-gives out dynamic addresses. This works around the problem where a connection |
| 442 |
-is attempted before the internet interface is fully setup. Really this just |
| 443 |
+gives out dynamic addresses. This works around the problem where a connection |
| 444 |
+is attempted before the internet interface is fully setup. Really this just |
| 445 |
provides for a smoother network experience for users behind your router. |
| 446 |
</p> |
| 447 |
|
| 448 |
@@ -495,8 +495,8 @@ |
| 449 |
<body> |
| 450 |
|
| 451 |
<p> |
| 452 |
-Believe it or not, you're done :). From here on out, I'll cover a bunch of |
| 453 |
-common topics that may interest you. Everything in this chapter is completely |
| 454 |
+Believe it or not, you're done :). From here on out, I'll cover a bunch of |
| 455 |
+common topics that may interest you. Everything in this chapter is completely |
| 456 |
optional. |
| 457 |
</p> |
| 458 |
|
| 459 |
@@ -509,10 +509,10 @@ |
| 460 |
|
| 461 |
<p> |
| 462 |
Sometimes you would like to be able to host services on a computer behind the |
| 463 |
-router, or just to make your life easier when connecting remotely. Perhaps you |
| 464 |
+router, or just to make your life easier when connecting remotely. Perhaps you |
| 465 |
want to run a FTP, HTTP, SSH, or VNC server on one or more machines behind your |
| 466 |
-router and be able to connect to them all. The only caveat is that you can |
| 467 |
-only have one service/machine combo per port. For example, there is no |
| 468 |
+router and be able to connect to them all. The only caveat is that you can |
| 469 |
+only have one service/machine combo per port. For example, there is no |
| 470 |
practical way to setup three FTP servers behind your router and then try to |
| 471 |
connect to them all through port 21; only one can be on port 21 while the |
| 472 |
others would have to be on say port 123 and port 567. |
| 473 |
@@ -521,9 +521,9 @@ |
| 474 |
<p> |
| 475 |
All the port forwarding rules are of the form <c>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING |
| 476 |
[-p protocol] --dport [external port on router] -i ${WAN} -j DNAT --to [ip/port |
| 477 |
-to forward to]</c>. Unfortunately, iptables does not accept hostnames when port |
| 478 |
-forwarding. If you are forwarding an external port to the same port on the |
| 479 |
-internal machine, you can omit the destination port. See the iptables(8) man |
| 480 |
+to forward to]</c>. Unfortunately, iptables does not accept hostnames when port |
| 481 |
+forwarding. If you are forwarding an external port to the same port on the |
| 482 |
+internal machine, you can omit the destination port. See the iptables(8) man |
| 483 |
page for more information. |
| 484 |
</p> |
| 485 |
|
| 486 |
@@ -585,9 +585,9 @@ |
| 487 |
<body> |
| 488 |
|
| 489 |
<p> |
| 490 |
-Internet Relay Chat utilizes the ident service pretty heavily. Now that the |
| 491 |
+Internet Relay Chat utilizes the ident service pretty heavily. Now that the |
| 492 |
IRC clients are behind the router, we need a way to host ident for both the |
| 493 |
-router and the clients. One such server has been created called |
| 494 |
+router and the clients. One such server has been created called |
| 495 |
<c>midentd</c>. |
| 496 |
</p> |
| 497 |
|
| 498 |
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ |
| 499 |
</pre> |
| 500 |
|
| 501 |
<p> |
| 502 |
-There are a few other ident servers in portage. Depending on your needs, I |
| 503 |
+There are a few other ident servers in portage. Depending on your needs, I |
| 504 |
would recommend checking out <c>oidentd</c> and <c>fakeidentd</c>. |
| 505 |
</p> |
| 506 |
|
| 507 |
@@ -610,43 +610,43 @@ |
| 508 |
<title>Traffic Shaping</title> |
| 509 |
<body> |
| 510 |
<p> |
| 511 |
-This is an attempt to simply and Gentooify the <uri link="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/ADSL-Bandwidth-Management-HOWTO/">ADSL Bandwidth Management HOWTO</uri> |
| 512 |
-found over at the TLDP. Feel free to refer to the original document |
| 513 |
+This is an attempt to simply and Gentooify the <uri link="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/ADSL-Bandwidth-Management-HOWTO/">ADSL Bandwidth Management HOWTO</uri> |
| 514 |
+found over at the TLDP. Feel free to refer to the original document |
| 515 |
for more details. |
| 516 |
</p> |
| 517 |
|
| 518 |
<p> |
| 519 |
-Here we will be setting up what some people refer to as a "Packet Shaper", |
| 520 |
-<uri link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_shaping">"Traffic Shaping"</uri>, |
| 521 |
-or <uri link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QoS">"Quality of Service"</uri>. |
| 522 |
-Simply put, we want to setup rules on our router that will slow down |
| 523 |
-certain activities (like sending large e-mails or downloading from P2P |
| 524 |
-networks) while keeping other activities (like browsing the web or playing |
| 525 |
-online video games) reasonably fast. A 30 second difference in a video |
| 526 |
-game is a lot worse than a 30 second difference in downloading large |
| 527 |
+Here we will be setting up what some people refer to as a "Packet Shaper", |
| 528 |
+<uri link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_shaping">"Traffic Shaping"</uri>, |
| 529 |
+or <uri link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QoS">"Quality of Service"</uri>. |
| 530 |
+Simply put, we want to setup rules on our router that will slow down |
| 531 |
+certain activities (like sending large e-mails or downloading from P2P |
| 532 |
+networks) while keeping other activities (like browsing the web or playing |
| 533 |
+online video games) reasonably fast. A 30 second difference in a video |
| 534 |
+game is a lot worse than a 30 second difference in downloading large |
| 535 |
files :). |
| 536 |
</p> |
| 537 |
|
| 538 |
<p> |
| 539 |
-The first thing is to make sure your kernel has all the features added to |
| 540 |
-it. See the chapter on <uri link="#doc_chap2">Kernel setup</uri> for more |
| 541 |
-information. Next, you will need to <c>emerge iptables iputils</c> so that |
| 542 |
-you will have access to the <c>iptables</c>, <c>ip</c>, and <c>tc</c> |
| 543 |
+The first thing is to make sure your kernel has all the features added to |
| 544 |
+it. See the chapter on <uri link="#doc_chap2">Kernel setup</uri> for more |
| 545 |
+information. Next, you will need to <c>emerge iptables iputils</c> so that |
| 546 |
+you will have access to the <c>iptables</c>, <c>ip</c>, and <c>tc</c> |
| 547 |
commands. |
| 548 |
</p> |
| 549 |
|
| 550 |
<p> |
| 551 |
-Before we jump into the commands, let's cover a little of the theory. The |
| 552 |
-way this whole system works is to classify common network streams and then |
| 553 |
-to prioritize them. You use iptables to classify network streams, iputils |
| 554 |
-to define the different priority levels, and the kernel to adjust speeds. |
| 555 |
-Just remember that although you can control outbound traffic pretty tightly |
| 556 |
-(from the LAN to the WAN), your ability to control inbound traffic (from |
| 557 |
-the WAN to the LAN) is somewhat limited. Just remember that the following |
| 558 |
-examples are to get your feet wet; if you want more then I'd suggest |
| 559 |
-reading up on the subject. In this example, we will be using the |
| 560 |
-<uri link="http://luxik.cdi.cz/~devik/qos/htb/">Hierarchical Token Buckets (HTB)</uri> |
| 561 |
-packet scheduling algorithm. Still with me? Great, let's start shaping :). |
| 562 |
+Before we jump into the commands, let's cover a little of the theory. The |
| 563 |
+way this whole system works is to classify common network streams and then |
| 564 |
+to prioritize them. You use iptables to classify network streams, iputils |
| 565 |
+to define the different priority levels, and the kernel to adjust speeds. |
| 566 |
+Just remember that although you can control outbound traffic pretty tightly |
| 567 |
+(from the LAN to the WAN), your ability to control inbound traffic (from |
| 568 |
+the WAN to the LAN) is somewhat limited. Just remember that the following |
| 569 |
+examples are to get your feet wet; if you want more then I'd suggest |
| 570 |
+reading up on the subject. In this example, we will be using the |
| 571 |
+<uri link="http://luxik.cdi.cz/~devik/qos/htb/">Hierarchical Token Buckets (HTB)</uri> |
| 572 |
+packet scheduling algorithm. Still with me? Great, let's start shaping :). |
| 573 |
</p> |
| 574 |
|
| 575 |
<pre caption="Setup"> |
| 576 |
@@ -654,20 +654,20 @@ |
| 577 |
RATE_OUT=100 <comment>Available outbound bandwidth (in kilobits [kb])</comment> |
| 578 |
RATE_IN=1400 <comment>Available inbound bandwidth (in kb)</comment> |
| 579 |
|
| 580 |
-<comment>Here we initialize the priority system. The 45 is used to set the default classification level.</comment> |
| 581 |
+<comment>Here we initialize the priority system. The 45 is used to set the default classification level.</comment> |
| 582 |
ip link set dev ${DEV} qlen 30 |
| 583 |
tc qdisc add dev ${DEV} root handle 1: htb default 45 |
| 584 |
tc class add dev ${DEV} parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate ${RATE_OUT}kbit |
| 585 |
</pre> |
| 586 |
|
| 587 |
<p> |
| 588 |
-Here we initialized the system which will be used to prioritize all of |
| 589 |
-our network traffic. We created our queue, told it to use the HTB |
| 590 |
-algorithm, and set the default classification level to '45'. The |
| 591 |
-default is completely arbitrary, as are the levels we choose from |
| 592 |
-here on out. The only thing that matters is how the levels compare |
| 593 |
-relatively; a level '10' packet will be given preference over a |
| 594 |
-level '45' packet. Let's move on to declaring different levels. |
| 595 |
+Here we initialized the system which will be used to prioritize all of |
| 596 |
+our network traffic. We created our queue, told it to use the HTB |
| 597 |
+algorithm, and set the default classification level to '45'. The |
| 598 |
+default is completely arbitrary, as are the levels we choose from |
| 599 |
+here on out. The only thing that matters is how the levels compare |
| 600 |
+relatively; a level '10' packet will be given preference over a |
| 601 |
+level '45' packet. Let's move on to declaring different levels. |
| 602 |
</p> |
| 603 |
|
| 604 |
<pre caption="Declaring levels"> |
| 605 |
@@ -690,14 +690,14 @@ |
| 606 |
</p> |
| 607 |
|
| 608 |
<p> |
| 609 |
-Many people run ntp clients on their computers. Obviously, the more clients in |
| 610 |
-the world, the larger the load the ntp servers need to shoulder. In |
| 611 |
+Many people run ntp clients on their computers. Obviously, the more clients in |
| 612 |
+the world, the larger the load the ntp servers need to shoulder. In |
| 613 |
environments like home networks though, we can help keep the load down on |
| 614 |
-public servers while still providing the proper time to all our computers. As |
| 615 |
+public servers while still providing the proper time to all our computers. As |
| 616 |
an added bonus, our private updates will be a lot faster for the clients too! |
| 617 |
All we have to do is run a ntp server on our router that synchronizes itself |
| 618 |
with the public internet servers while providing the time to the rest of the |
| 619 |
-computers in the network. To get started, simply <c>emerge ntp</c> on the |
| 620 |
+computers in the network. To get started, simply <c>emerge ntp</c> on the |
| 621 |
router. |
| 622 |
</p> |
| 623 |
|
| 624 |
@@ -722,12 +722,12 @@ |
| 625 |
|
| 626 |
<note> |
| 627 |
You should make sure that you allow inbound and outbound communication on the |
| 628 |
-ntp port (123/udp) when setting up the server. The client just needs outbound |
| 629 |
+ntp port (123/udp) when setting up the server. The client just needs outbound |
| 630 |
access on port 123 over udp. |
| 631 |
</note> |
| 632 |
|
| 633 |
<p> |
| 634 |
-Now, on your clients, have them <c>emerge ntp</c> also. However, we will just |
| 635 |
+Now, on your clients, have them <c>emerge ntp</c> also. However, we will just |
| 636 |
run the ntp client so setup is a lot simpler. |
| 637 |
</p> |
| 638 |
|
| 639 |
@@ -746,10 +746,10 @@ |
| 640 |
<body> |
| 641 |
|
| 642 |
<p> |
| 643 |
-For those who run multiple Gentoo boxes on the same lan, you often want to |
| 644 |
-keep from having every machine running <c>emerge sync</c> with remote |
| 645 |
-servers. By setting up a local rsync, you save on both your bandwidth and |
| 646 |
-the Gentoo rsync servers' bandwidth. It's pretty simple to do. |
| 647 |
+For those who run multiple Gentoo boxes on the same lan, you often want to |
| 648 |
+keep from having every machine running <c>emerge sync</c> with remote |
| 649 |
+servers. By setting up a local rsync, you save on both your bandwidth and |
| 650 |
+the Gentoo rsync servers' bandwidth. It's pretty simple to do. |
| 651 |
</p> |
| 652 |
|
| 653 |
<note> |
| 654 |
@@ -758,10 +758,10 @@ |
| 655 |
</note> |
| 656 |
|
| 657 |
<p> |
| 658 |
-Since every Gentoo machine requires rsync, theres no need to emerge it. Edit |
| 659 |
-the default <path>/etc/rsyncd.conf</path> config file, uncomment the |
| 660 |
-<c>[gentoo-portage]</c> section, and make sure you add an <c>address</c> |
| 661 |
-option. All the other defaults should be fine. |
| 662 |
+Since every Gentoo machine requires rsync, theres no need to emerge it. Edit |
| 663 |
+the default <path>/etc/rsyncd.conf</path> config file, uncomment the |
| 664 |
+<c>[gentoo-portage]</c> section, and make sure you add an <c>address</c> |
| 665 |
+option. All the other defaults should be fine. |
| 666 |
</p> |
| 667 |
|
| 668 |
<pre caption="Rsync server config"> |
| 669 |
@@ -771,9 +771,9 @@ |
| 670 |
address = 192.168.0.1 |
| 671 |
|
| 672 |
[gentoo-portage] |
| 673 |
- path = /mnt/space/portage |
| 674 |
- comment = Gentoo Linux Portage tree |
| 675 |
- exclude = /distfiles /packages |
| 676 |
+ path = /mnt/space/portage |
| 677 |
+ comment = Gentoo Linux Portage tree |
| 678 |
+ exclude = /distfiles /packages |
| 679 |
</pre> |
| 680 |
|
| 681 |
<p> |
| 682 |
@@ -802,9 +802,9 @@ |
| 683 |
|
| 684 |
<p> |
| 685 |
Sometimes it's nice to run your own Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server |
| 686 |
-on the router. You may have your own reason for wanting to do so, but I run it |
| 687 |
+on the router. You may have your own reason for wanting to do so, but I run it |
| 688 |
so that the users see mail as being sent instantly and the work of |
| 689 |
-retrying/routing is left up to the mail server. Some ISPs also don't allow for |
| 690 |
+retrying/routing is left up to the mail server. Some ISPs also don't allow for |
| 691 |
mail relaying for accounts that aren't part of their network (like Verizon). |
| 692 |
Also, you can easily throttle the delivery of mail so that large attachments |
| 693 |
won't seriously lag your connection for half an hour. |
| 694 |
@@ -835,9 +835,9 @@ |
| 695 |
</pre> |
| 696 |
|
| 697 |
<p> |
| 698 |
-I'm a huge fan of qmail, but you're free to use a different mta :). When you |
| 699 |
+I'm a huge fan of qmail, but you're free to use a different mta :). When you |
| 700 |
setup e-mail on the hosts in your network, tell them that their SMTP server is |
| 701 |
-192.168.0.1 and everything should be peachy. You might want to visit the <uri |
| 702 |
+192.168.0.1 and everything should be peachy. You might want to visit the <uri |
| 703 |
link="http://netqmail.org/">netqmail homepage</uri> for more documentation. |
| 704 |
</p> |
| 705 |
|
| 706 |
@@ -849,9 +849,9 @@ |
| 707 |
<title>E-mail Virus Scanning</title> |
| 708 |
<body> |
| 709 |
<p> |
| 710 |
-If you'd like to provide e-mail virus scanning for your users, but |
| 711 |
-don't want to have to install a virus scanner on every single machine, |
| 712 |
-then <c>pop3vscan</c> may just be the thing for you; a transparent |
| 713 |
+If you'd like to provide e-mail virus scanning for your users, but |
| 714 |
+don't want to have to install a virus scanner on every single machine, |
| 715 |
+then <c>pop3vscan</c> may just be the thing for you; a transparent |
| 716 |
Post Office Protocol (POP) scanner. |
| 717 |
</p> |
| 718 |
|
| 719 |
@@ -868,9 +868,9 @@ |
| 720 |
<body> |
| 721 |
|
| 722 |
<p> |
| 723 |
-Earlier we used dnsmasq to provide DHCP service to all our clients. For most |
| 724 |
-people with a simple small LAN, this is perfect. But you may need something |
| 725 |
-with more features. Thus we turn to a full-featured DHCP server as provided |
| 726 |
+Earlier we used dnsmasq to provide DHCP service to all our clients. For most |
| 727 |
+people with a simple small LAN, this is perfect. But you may need something |
| 728 |
+with more features. Thus we turn to a full-featured DHCP server as provided |
| 729 |
by the <uri link="http://www.isc.org/products/DHCP">ISC</uri> folks. |
| 730 |
</p> |
| 731 |
|
| 732 |
@@ -881,13 +881,13 @@ |
| 733 |
authoritative; |
| 734 |
ddns-update-style interim; |
| 735 |
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { |
| 736 |
- range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.250; |
| 737 |
- default-lease-time 259200; |
| 738 |
- max-lease-time 518400; |
| 739 |
- option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; |
| 740 |
- option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255; |
| 741 |
- option routers 192.168.0.1; |
| 742 |
- option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.1; |
| 743 |
+ range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.250; |
| 744 |
+ default-lease-time 259200; |
| 745 |
+ max-lease-time 518400; |
| 746 |
+ option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; |
| 747 |
+ option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255; |
| 748 |
+ option routers 192.168.0.1; |
| 749 |
+ option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.1; |
| 750 |
} |
| 751 |
# <i>nano /etc/conf.d/dhcpd</i> |
| 752 |
<comment>(Set IFACE="eth0")</comment> |
| 753 |
@@ -896,9 +896,9 @@ |
| 754 |
</pre> |
| 755 |
|
| 756 |
<p> |
| 757 |
-This is the minimal setup required to replace the dnsmasq DHCP functionality |
| 758 |
-that we used earlier. Speaking of which, you did remember to disable the DHCP |
| 759 |
-features in dnsmasq didn't you? If not, you should do so now (just comment |
| 760 |
+This is the minimal setup required to replace the dnsmasq DHCP functionality |
| 761 |
+that we used earlier. Speaking of which, you did remember to disable the DHCP |
| 762 |
+features in dnsmasq didn't you? If not, you should do so now (just comment |
| 763 |
out the <c>dhcp-range</c> setting in <path>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</path> and restart |
| 764 |
the service). |
| 765 |
</p> |
| 766 |
@@ -911,34 +911,34 @@ |
| 767 |
<body> |
| 768 |
|
| 769 |
<p> |
| 770 |
-Sometimes you have need of connecting the router to another LAN. Maybe you |
| 771 |
-want to hook up a group of friends temporarily, or you're a neat freak and |
| 772 |
-want to section off different groups of computers, or you're just really |
| 773 |
-really bored. Whatever the reasons, extending the router to other LAN |
| 774 |
-networks should be pretty straightforward. In the following examples, I will |
| 775 |
-assume that this new network is connected via a third ethernet card, namely |
| 776 |
+Sometimes you have need of connecting the router to another LAN. Maybe you |
| 777 |
+want to hook up a group of friends temporarily, or you're a neat freak and |
| 778 |
+want to section off different groups of computers, or you're just really |
| 779 |
+really bored. Whatever the reasons, extending the router to other LAN |
| 780 |
+networks should be pretty straightforward. In the following examples, I will |
| 781 |
+assume that this new network is connected via a third ethernet card, namely |
| 782 |
<c>eth2</c>. |
| 783 |
</p> |
| 784 |
|
| 785 |
<p> |
| 786 |
-First you need to configure the interface. Just take the instructions in the |
| 787 |
-<uri link="#doc_chap4_pre1">4.1 code listing</uri> and replace <c>eth0</c> |
| 788 |
+First you need to configure the interface. Just take the instructions in the |
| 789 |
+<uri link="#doc_chap4_pre1">4.1 code listing</uri> and replace <c>eth0</c> |
| 790 |
with <c>eth2</c> and <c>192.168.0</c> with <c>192.168.1</c>. |
| 791 |
</p> |
| 792 |
|
| 793 |
<p> |
| 794 |
-Then you need to tweak dnsmasq to service the new interface. Just edit the |
| 795 |
-<path>/etc/conf.d/dnsmasq</path> file again and append <c>-i eth2</c> to |
| 796 |
-DNSMASQ_OPTS; using -i multiple times is OK. Then edit |
| 797 |
-<path>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</path> and add another line like the dhcp-range line |
| 798 |
-in the <uri link="#doc_chap5_pre1">5.1 code listing</uri>, replacing |
| 799 |
-<c>192.168.0</c> with <c>192.168.1</c>. Having multiple dhcp-range lines is |
| 800 |
+Then you need to tweak dnsmasq to service the new interface. Just edit the |
| 801 |
+<path>/etc/conf.d/dnsmasq</path> file again and append <c>-i eth2</c> to |
| 802 |
+DNSMASQ_OPTS; using -i multiple times is OK. Then edit |
| 803 |
+<path>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</path> and add another line like the dhcp-range line |
| 804 |
+in the <uri link="#doc_chap5_pre1">5.1 code listing</uri>, replacing |
| 805 |
+<c>192.168.0</c> with <c>192.168.1</c>. Having multiple dhcp-range lines is |
| 806 |
OK too. |
| 807 |
</p> |
| 808 |
|
| 809 |
<p> |
| 810 |
-Finally, see the rules in the <uri link="#doc_chap5_pre2">5.2 code |
| 811 |
-listing</uri> and duplicate the rules that have <c>-i ${LAN}</c> in them. You |
| 812 |
+Finally, see the rules in the <uri link="#doc_chap5_pre2">5.2 code |
| 813 |
+listing</uri> and duplicate the rules that have <c>-i ${LAN}</c> in them. You |
| 814 |
may want to create another variable, say <c>LAN2</c>, to make things easier. |
| 815 |
</p> |
| 816 |
|
| 817 |
@@ -955,31 +955,31 @@ |
| 818 |
<body> |
| 819 |
|
| 820 |
<p> |
| 821 |
-If you're having trouble getting your computers to communicate, you may way to |
| 822 |
-try out the following tools (they can all be found in the <c>net-analyzer</c> |
| 823 |
+If you're having trouble getting your computers to communicate, you may way to |
| 824 |
+try out the following tools (they can all be found in the <c>net-analyzer</c> |
| 825 |
portage category): |
| 826 |
</p> |
| 827 |
|
| 828 |
<table> |
| 829 |
<tr> |
| 830 |
- <th>Utility</th> |
| 831 |
- <th>Description</th> |
| 832 |
+ <th>Utility</th> |
| 833 |
+ <th>Description</th> |
| 834 |
</tr> |
| 835 |
<tr> |
| 836 |
- <ti>wireshark</ti> |
| 837 |
- <ti>GUI tool to view all raw network data according to filters</ti> |
| 838 |
+ <ti>wireshark</ti> |
| 839 |
+ <ti>GUI tool to view all raw network data according to filters</ti> |
| 840 |
</tr> |
| 841 |
<tr> |
| 842 |
- <ti>tcpdump</ti> |
| 843 |
- <ti>Console tool to dump all raw network data according to filters</ti> |
| 844 |
+ <ti>tcpdump</ti> |
| 845 |
+ <ti>Console tool to dump all raw network data according to filters</ti> |
| 846 |
</tr> |
| 847 |
<tr> |
| 848 |
- <ti>iptraf</ti> |
| 849 |
- <ti>ncurses based IP LAN monitor</ti> |
| 850 |
+ <ti>iptraf</ti> |
| 851 |
+ <ti>ncurses based IP LAN monitor</ti> |
| 852 |
</tr> |
| 853 |
<tr> |
| 854 |
- <ti>ettercap</ti> |
| 855 |
- <ti>ncurses based network monitor/control</ti> |
| 856 |
+ <ti>ettercap</ti> |
| 857 |
+ <ti>ncurses based network monitor/control</ti> |
| 858 |
</tr> |
| 859 |
</table> |
| 860 |
|
| 861 |
@@ -991,22 +991,22 @@ |
| 862 |
<body> |
| 863 |
|
| 864 |
<p> |
| 865 |
-When starting the dhcp init.d script for the first time, it may fail to load |
| 866 |
+When starting the dhcp init.d script for the first time, it may fail to load |
| 867 |
but neglect to give you any useful info. |
| 868 |
</p> |
| 869 |
|
| 870 |
<pre caption="DHCP Failing Example"> |
| 871 |
# <i>/etc/init.d/dhcp start</i> |
| 872 |
- * Setting ownership on dhcp.leases ... [ ok ] |
| 873 |
- * Starting dhcpd ... [ !! ] |
| 874 |
+ * Setting ownership on dhcp.leases ... [ ok ] |
| 875 |
+ * Starting dhcpd ... [ !! ] |
| 876 |
</pre> |
| 877 |
|
| 878 |
<p> |
| 879 |
-The trick is to know where dhcpd is sending its output. Simply browse to |
| 880 |
-<path>/var/log</path> and read the log files. Since the exact log file depends |
| 881 |
+The trick is to know where dhcpd is sending its output. Simply browse to |
| 882 |
+<path>/var/log</path> and read the log files. Since the exact log file depends |
| 883 |
on the package you are using as a syslog, try running <c>grep -Rl dhcpd |
| 884 |
-/var/log</c> to narrow down the possibilities. Chances are you made a typo in |
| 885 |
-your config file. You could also try running <c>dhcpd -d -f</c> (short for |
| 886 |
+/var/log</c> to narrow down the possibilities. Chances are you made a typo in |
| 887 |
+your config file. You could also try running <c>dhcpd -d -f</c> (short for |
| 888 |
debug / foreground) and debug the error based upon the output. |
| 889 |
</p> |
| 890 |
|
| 891 |
@@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ |
| 892 |
|
| 893 |
<p> |
| 894 |
If you experience odd errors (such as not being able to access some webpages |
| 895 |
-while others load fine), you may be having Path MTU Discovery trouble. The |
| 896 |
+while others load fine), you may be having Path MTU Discovery trouble. The |
| 897 |
quick way to test is to run this iptables command: |
| 898 |
</p> |
| 899 |
|
| 900 |
@@ -1044,10 +1044,10 @@ |
| 901 |
<body> |
| 902 |
|
| 903 |
<p> |
| 904 |
-If (for whatever reason) you want to connect two machines directly together |
| 905 |
+If (for whatever reason) you want to connect two machines directly together |
| 906 |
without a hub or switch, a regular ethernet cable will likely not work, unless |
| 907 |
you have an Auto MDI/MDI-X (also known as "autosensing") capable network |
| 908 |
-adapter. You will need a different cable called a crossover cable. This <uri |
| 909 |
+adapter. You will need a different cable called a crossover cable. This <uri |
| 910 |
link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_crossover_cable">Wikipedia</uri> |
| 911 |
page explains the low level details. |
| 912 |
</p> |
| 913 |
@@ -1065,7 +1065,7 @@ |
| 914 |
<p> |
| 915 |
I have no final notes other than if you experience any troubles with the guide, |
| 916 |
please contact <mail link="vapier@g.o">me</mail> or file a bug with <uri |
| 917 |
-link="http://bugs.gentoo.org/">Gentoo's Bugtracking Website</uri>. If you have |
| 918 |
+link="http://bugs.gentoo.org/">Gentoo's Bugtracking Website</uri>. If you have |
| 919 |
some interesting bits you think would enhance this guide, by all means send it |
| 920 |
my way for inclusion. |
| 921 |
</p> |
| 922 |
|
| 923 |
|
| 924 |
|
| 925 |
-- |
| 926 |
gentoo-doc-cvs@l.g.o mailing list |
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